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Password salting is a form of password encryption that includes appending a password to a given username and thus hashing the new string of characters. This is generally done through an MD5 hashing algorithm.Password-salting is generally found within Linux operating systems, and it is usually considered a more secure password encryption model than some models used within the several Microsoft distributions.When a username has been produced, the user generally creates a password to associate with this username. After the user has submitted the password to the salt-allowed system, the system add the password to the username. Therefore, the new string ... Read More
Confusion defines that the key does not associate in a simple method to the ciphertext. In specific, each character of the ciphertext should be based on several elements of the key.In confusion, the relationship between the data of the ciphertext and the value of the encryption key is made difficult. It is completed by substitution.For example, suppose that it can have a Hill cipher with an n x n matrix, and suppose that it can have a plaintext-ciphertext pair of length n2 with which it is able to solve for the encryption matrix.If it can change one character of the ... Read More
Hashing is basically a one-way cryptographic function. Because hashes are irreversible, understanding the output of a hashing method does not enable us to regenerate the contents of a file. It enables us to assess whether two files are same without understanding their contents.The use of hashing in information security and internet authentication is a general practice. For instance, it can be used to safely save passwords in a database, but can also provide the security of other element of data such as files and documents.Hash algorithms are frequently used to support a digital fingerprint of a file’s contents used to ... Read More
Diffusion is an encryption process where the authority of one plaintext symbol is spread over some ciphertext symbols with the objective of hiding statistical properties of the plaintext. A simple diffusion element is the bit permutation, which can be used frequently within DES. AES need the more advanced Mix-column process.Ciphers can only implement confusion, including the Shift Cipher or the World War II encryption machine Enigma are not protected. Neither are ciphers which only implement diffusion. However, through the concatenation of such service, a strong cipher can be constructed.Diffusion means that if it can change an individual bit of the ... Read More
There are some popular Encryption Algorithm are as follows − Triple DES − Triple DES was intended as a successor to the once generally used Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. This symmetric-key approach of data encryption was create obsolete by the hackers who continually exploited its vulnerabilities.Triple DES succeeded that develop into the most broadly used symmetric algorithm in the industry. The algorithm need a 56-bit individual key with the total key length inserting up to 168 bits. Because it is consecutive encryption, there is a middle-level vulnerability that reduce its protection to the level of a 112-bit key. Advanced Encryption Standard ... Read More
A modern block cipher is a cipher which encrypts m-bit block of plaintext and decrypts m-bit block of ciphertext. For encryption or decryption, modern block cipher facilitate a K bit key and the decryption algorithm should be inverse of encryption algorithms and for both encryption and decryption similar key is used.A block cipher works on a plaintext block of n bits to make a cipher text block of n bits. There are possible multiple plaintext blocks and, for the encryption to be reversible (i.e., for decryption to be applicable), each should create a unique cipher text block. Such transformation is ... Read More
There are various types of hashing are as follows − RIPEMD − RIPEMD was produced in Europe as an element of RIPE project in 96 by researcher included in attacks on MD4/5. It is same as MD5/SHA and uses two parallel lines of 5 round of 16 steps. It makes a 160-bit hash value. It is slower but possibly more secure than SHA. MD5 − An MD5 hash function encodes a string of data and encodes it into a 128-bit fingerprint. MD5 is generally used as a checksum to check data integrity. MD5 is also called as suffer from expanded hash collision ... Read More
A hashing algorithm is a mathematical algorithm that transform an input data array of a specific type and arbitrary length to an output bit string of a fixed length.Hashing algorithms take any input and transform it to a uniform message by utilizing a hashing table.There are some popular hashing algorithm are as follows −MD5 − MD5 stands for message-digest algorithm. It is a cryptographic protocol used for authenticating messages and content verification and digital signatures. MD5 is based on a hash function that verifies a file and it can sent matches the file received by the person it can sent ... Read More
Hashing is the procedure of interpreting a given key into a code. A hash function is used to substitute the data with a freshly produced hash code. Furthermore, hashing is the practice of taking a string or input key, a variable generated for saving narrative information, and defining it with a hash value, which is generally decided by an algorithm and create a much shorter string than the original.Hashing is generally a one-way cryptographic function. Because hashes are irreversible, understanding the output of a hashing method does not enable us to regenerate the contents of a file. It allows us ... Read More
A stream cipher encrypts a continuous string of binary numbers by using timevarying transformations on plaintext information. Therefore, this kind of encryption operates bit-by-bit, using keystreams to create ciphertext for arbitrary lengths of plain text messages.The cipher combines a key (128/256 bits) and a nonce digit (64-128 bits) to create the keystream and a pseudorandom number XORed with the plaintext to create ciphertext.While the key and the nonce can be reutilized, the keystream has to be unique for each encryption redundancy to provide security. Stream encryption ciphers implement this using feedback shift registers to make a unique nonce (number used ... Read More