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The speed-time curve of a main line service is best and most easily replaced by trapezoid. The figure shows the simplified trapezoidal speed-time curve for the main line service.Let, $\mathit{V_{m}}$ = Crest speed in kmph$\alpha$ = Acceleration in kmphps$\beta$ = Retardation in kmphpsT = Total time of run in seconds$\mathit{t_{\mathrm{1}}}$ = Acceleration time in seconds$\mathit{t_{\mathrm{2}}}$ = Free running time in seconds$\mathit{t_{\mathrm{3}}}$ = Retardation time in secondsD = Total distance of run in kmTherefore, the time of acceleration in seconds is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathit{t_{\mathrm{1}}}\:=\:\frac{\mathit{V_{m}}}{\alpha }}$$And the time for retardation in seconds is, $$\mathrm{\mathit{t_{\mathrm{3}}}\:=\:\frac{\mathit{V_{m}}}{\beta }}$$Hence, the time for free running in seconds is, ... Read More
For urban and suburban services, the simplified quadrilateral speed-time curve of electric traction is shown in the figure.Let, $\alpha$ = Acceleration in kmphps$\beta$ = Braking retardation in kmphps$\beta_{c}$ = Coasting retardation in kmphpsV1 = Maximum speed at the end of acceleration in kmphV2 = Speed at the end of coasting in kmphT = Total time of run in secondst1 = Acceleration time in secondst2 = Coasting time in secondst3 = Braking time in secondsD = Total distance travell in kmTherefore, the time of acceleration is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathit{t_{\mathrm{1}}}\:=\:\frac{\mathit{V_{\mathrm{1}}}}{\alpha } }$$The time of coasting is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathit{t_{\mathrm{2}}}\:=\:\frac{\mathit{V_{\mathrm{1}}}-\mathit{V_{\mathrm{2}}}}{\beta_{c} } \:\:\:\cdot \cdot ... Read More
Crest Speed of Electric TrainThe maximum speed attained by an electric train during running is termed as its "crest speed". It is denoted by Vm.Average Speed of Electric TrainAverage speed is defined as the mean of the speeds attained by the electric train from start to stop. In other words, average speed is defined as the ratio of the distance covered by the train between two stops to the actual time of run. The average speed of train is denoted by Va and is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathrm{Average\: speed, }V_{a}\:=\:\frac{\mathrm{Distance\: between \:two\: stops\: (\mathit{D})}}{\mathrm{Actual\: time\: of\: run (\mathit{T_{\mathrm{run}}})}}\:\mathrm{kmph}}$$Schedule Speed of Electric ... Read More
Technology truly has served as a catalyst in the process of development of our civilization. Human and machine co-exist today in a manner that they create a significant blend to connect and ease access issues. In this whirlpool of technology, AI (artificial intelligence) deserves a definite mention. It is based on a heavy algorithm. Machine Learning as an integral part of AI.Machine Learning implies a concept where the central belief that computers are capable of learning by themselves without programmed inputs to perform certain tasks. It is basically the process of empowering the computers. This can be broadly divided into ... Read More
There are different points of view offered by different folks about the origin of the idea of having mirrors inside elevators but on one thing they all have the same view - psychological and ergonomic factors rather than technological factors brought mirrors into elevators. One line of opinion says this business of mirrors in elevators first began in Japan where it helped to resolve an ergonomic problem for people in wheelchairs. As the elevators in those pre-World War II days were really small, it was pointed out that mirrors in these elevators helped the folks in wheelchairs to clearly see ... Read More
There could be quite a few reasons for that and before looking at other reasons, it makes sense if we consider the fact that smartphones have been designed to work smartly, which also means their functionality has been optimized for computing on the go. Going a little deeper, the reason a mail comes faster on smartphones than on desktops could be because the smartphone has its map settings and location on while the received time is prolonged on a desktop because the email server might have been set in a manner that it checks mail every 10, 15, 20 minutes ... Read More
Left side driving is followed by the British and the habit dates back to the period when people used to ride on a horse. Historians believe it has started with the idea that It will be convenient if you keep your right hand free to greet someone or to draw a sword if someone attacks you.During the 17th and 18th centuries, most of the countries were British colonies and they also followed the same rule, including India. Along with UK and India many countries like Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, Kenya, Ireland, Jamaica, Malta, New Zealand, Singapore, Thailand etc., still have ... Read More
Numerous performance management solutions have been created to make the process easier and more effective. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and metrics enable organizations, business units, initiatives, and people to assess their performance concerning their strategic goals and objectives.Metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIS)The main benefit of any KPI is to allow rich data-driven performance dialogues and improved decision-making. A good KPI should necessarily act in such a way that it shows whether an organization is taking the right path toward its strategic goals or not.Listed below are a few of the most often used tools −Evaluations of PerformancePerformance assessments and ... Read More
Majority of the organizations are never satisfied with their performance management system, and hence, they constantly update their approaches to reach their goals in an effective manner.Performance management solutions may benefit organizations significantly by assisting them in aligning and tracking quantifiable objectives, creating continuing feedback loops for coaching, and increasing engagement via recognition. However, ineffective performance management initiatives may severely affect the company.Below are a few ways this can unfortunately happen -Employee DisengagementIneffective performance management schemes may rapidly erode employee engagement. When you have skilled personnel, it is up to managers to identify areas for improvement. Among the development options, ... Read More
Defining performance targets can be quite beneficial since it establishes the expectations for how well a person will work. It is significantly more beneficial to have written down and verifiable objectives. It is even better if the objectives are SMART, which stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound. Many businesses use a formal method known as Management by Objectives (MBO) to create goals and objectives.Basically, these parameters help to ensure that our objectives are attainable within a certain time frame. The SMART approach eradicates generalities and guesswork, sets a transparent timeline, and makes it feasible for us to track ... Read More