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GATE Geology and Geophysics Syllabus
Subject Code: GG
Course Structure
Sections/Units | Topics |
---|---|
Common Section | |
Unit 1 | Earth and Planetary system |
Unit 2 | Weathering and soil formation |
Unit 3 | Introduction to remote sensing |
Unit 4 | Principles and applications of gravity |
Section A | Geology |
Unit 1 | Geomorphic processes and agents |
Unit 2 | Mechanism of rock deformation |
Unit 3 | Crystallography |
Unit 4 | Cosmic abundance of elements |
Unit 5 | Igneous rocks |
Unit 6 | Physico-chemical conditions of metamorphism and concept of metamorphic facies, grade and baric types |
Unit 7 | Morphology, classification and geological significance of important invertebrates, vertebrates, plant fossils and microfossils |
Unit 8 | Principles of Stratigraphy and concepts of correlation |
Unit 9 | Ore-mineralogy and optical properties of ore minerals |
Unit 10 | Engineering properties of rocks and soils |
Section B | Geophysics |
Unit 1 | The earth as a planet |
Unit 2 | Scalar and vector potential fields |
Unit 3 | Absolute and relative gravity measurements |
Unit 4 | Elements of Earth’s magnetic field |
Unit 5 | Conduction of electricity through rocks |
Unit 6 | Basic concept of EM induction in the earth |
Unit 7 | Seismic methods of prospecting |
Unit 8 | Geophysical signal processing |
Unit 9 | Principles and techniques of geophysical well-logging |
Unit 10 | Radioactive methods of prospecting and assaying |
Unit 11 | Basic concepts of forward and inverse problems |
Course Syllabus
Common Section
Unit 1: Earth and Planetary system
- Earth −
- Size
- Shape
- Internal structure
- Composition
- Concept of isostasy
- Elements of seismology −
- Body and surface waves
- Propagation of body waves in the earth’s interior
- Gravitational field of the Earth −
- Geomagnetism
- Paleomagnetism
- Continental drift −
- Plate tectonics – relationship with earthquakes
- Volcanism and mountain building
- Continental and oceanic crust −
- Composition
- Structure
- Thickness
Unit 2: Weathering and soil formation
Landforms created by −
River
Wind
Glacier
Ocean
Volcanoes
Basic structural geology −
Stress
Strain
Material response
Brittle and ductile deformation
Nomenclature and classification of folds and faults
Crystallography −
Basic crystal symmetry and concept of point groups
Mineralogy −
Silicate crystal structure and determinative mineralogy of common rock forming minerals
Petrology −
Mineralogy and classification of common igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
Geological time scale −
Geochronology and absolute time
Stratigraphic principles −
Major stratigraphic divisions of India
Geological and geographical distribution of −
Mineral in India
Coal in India
petroleum resources in India
Unit 3: Introduction to remote sensing
- Engineering properties of rocks and soils
- Ground water geology
Unit 4: Principles and applications of gravity
Magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, seismic and radiometric methods of prospecting for oil, mineral and ground water
Introductory well logging
Section A: Geology
Unit 1: Geomorphic processes and agents
- Development and evolution of landforms
- Slope and drainage
- Processes in deep oceanic and near-shore regions
- Quantitative and applied geomorphology
Unit 2: Mechanism of rock deformation
- Primary and secondary structures
- Geometry and genesis of folds, faults, joints and unconformities
- Cleavage, schistosity and lineation
- Methods of projection
- Tectonites and their significance
- Shear zones
- Superposed
- Folding
- Basement-cover relationship
Unit 3: Crystallography
Symmetry, forms and twinning
Crystal chemistry
Optical mineralogy, classification of minerals, diagnostic physical and optical properties of rock - forming minerals
Unit 4: Cosmic abundance of elements
Meteorites geochemical evolution of the earth
Geochemical cycles
Distribution of major, minor and trace elements in crust and mantle
Elements of geochemical thermodynamics
Isotope geochemistry
Geochemistry of waters including solution equilibria and water-rock interaction
Unit 5: Igneous rocks
Classification, forms and textures
Magmatic differentiation
Binary and ternary phase diagrams
Major and trace elements as monitors of partial melting and magma evolutionary processes
Sedimentary rocks – texture and structure
sedimentary processes and environments, sedimentary facies, provenance and basin analysis
Metamorphic rocks – structures and textures
Unit 6: Physico-chemical conditions of metamorphism and concept of metamorphic facies, grade and baric types
Metamorphism of pelitic, mafic and impure carbonate rocks
Role of fluids in metamorphism
Metamorphic P-T-t paths and their tectonic significance
Association of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with tectonic setting
Igneous and metamorphic provinces and important sedimentary basins of India
Unit 7: Morphology, classification and geological significance of important
- Invertebrates
- Vertebrates
- Plant fossils
- Microfossils
Unit 8: Principles of Stratigraphy and concepts of correlation
- Lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy
- Indian stratigraphy −
- Precambrian
- Phanerozoic
- Overview of Himalayan Geology
Unit 9: Ore-mineralogy and optical properties of ore minerals
Ore forming processes vis-à-vis ore-rock association (magmatic, hydrothermal, sedimentary, supergene and metamorphogenic ores)
Fluid inclusions as an ore genetic tool
Coal and petroleum geology −
Marine mineral resources
Prospecting and exploration of economic mineral deposits −
Sampling
Ore reserve estimation
Geostatistics
Mining methods
Ore dressing and mineral economics
Origin and distribution of mineral −
Fossil and nuclear fuel deposits in India
Unit 10: Engineering properties of rocks and soils
- Rocks as construction materials
- Role of geology in the construction of engineering structures including −
- Dams
- Tunnels
- Excavation sites
- Natural hazards
- Ground water geology −
- Exploration
- Well hydraulics
- Water quality
- Basic principles of remote sensing −
- Energy sources and radiation principles
- Atmospheric absorption
- Interaction of energy with earth’s surface
- Aerial-photo interpretation
- Multispectral remote sensing in visible
- Infrared, thermal IR and microwave regions
- Digital processing of satellite images
- GIS −
- Basic concepts
- Raster and vector mode operations
Section B: Geophysics
Unit 1: The earth as a planet
Different motions of the earth
Gravity field of the earth, clairaut’s theorem, size and shape of earth
Geomagnetic field, paleomagnetism
Geothermics and heat flow
Seismology and interior of the earth
Variation of density, velocity, pressure, temperature, electrical and magnetic properties of the earth
Earthquakes −
Causes and measurements
Magnitude and intensity
Focal mechanisms
Earthquake quantification
Source characteristics
Seismotectonics and seismic hazards
Digital seismographs
Unit 2: Scalar and vector potential fields
Laplace, Maxwell and Helmholtz equations for solution of different types of boundary value problems in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates
Green’s theorem
Image theory
Integral equations in potential theory
Eikonal equation
Ray theory
Unit 3: Absolute and relative gravity measurements
Gravimeters, land, airborne, shipborne and bore-hole gravity surveys
Various corrections for gravity data reduction – free air, bouguer and isostatic anomalies
Density estimates of rocks
Regional and residual gravity separation
Principle of equivalent stratum
Data enhancement techniques, upward and downward continuation
Derivative maps, wavelength filtering; preparation and analysis of gravity maps
Gravity anomalies and their interpretation – anomalies due to geometrical and irregular shaped bodies, depth rules, calculation of mass
Unit 4: Elements of Earth’s magnetic field
- Units of measurement
- Magnetic susceptibility of rocks and measurements
- Magnetometer land, airborne and marine magnetic surveys
- Various corrections applied to magnetic data
- IGRF
- Reduction to pole transformation
- Poisson’s relation of gravity and magnetic potential field
- Preparation of magnetic maps
- Upward and downward continuation
- Magnetic anomalies-geometrical shaped bodies
- Depth estimates
- Image processing concepts in processing of magnetic anomaly maps
- Interpretation of processed magnetic anomaly data
- Applications of gravity and magnetic methods for mineral and oil exploration
Unit 5: Conduction of electricity
Conduction of electricity through −
Rocks
Electrical conductivities of metals
Nonmetals
Rock forming minerals
Different rocks
Concepts of D.C. Resistivity measurement
Various electrode configurations for resistivity sounding and profiling
Application of filter theory
Type-curves over multi-layered structures
Dar-zarrouck parameters
Reduction of layers
Coefficient of anisotropy
Interpretation of resistivity field data
Equivalence and suppression
Self-potential and its origin
Field measurement
Induced polarization
Time and frequency domain ip measurements
Interpretation and applications of ip, ground-water exploration, mineral exploration, environmental and engineering applications
Unit 6: Basic concept of EM induction in the earth
Skin-depth
Elliptic polarization
In phase and quadrature components
Various EM methods, measurements in different source-receiver configurations
Earth’s natural electromagnetic field
Tellurics, magneto-tellurics
Geomagnetic depth sounding principles
Electromagnetic profiling
Time domain EM method
EM scale modeling
Processing of EM data and interpretation
Geological applications including groundwater, mineral and hydrocarbon exploration
Unit 7: Seismic methods of prospecting
Elastic properties of earth materials
Reflection, refraction and CDP surveys
Land and marine seismic sources
Generation and propagation of elastic waves
Velocity – depth models, geophones, hydrophones, recording instruments (DFS), digital formats, field layouts
Seismic noises and noise profile analysis, optimum geophone grouping, noise cancellation by shot and geophone arrays, 2D and 3D seismic data acquisition, processing and interpretation
CDP stacking charts, binning, filtering, dip-move out, static and dynamic corrections
Digital seismic data processing −
Seismic deconvolution and migration methods
Attribute analysis
Bright and dim spots, seismic stratigraphy
High resolution seismic
VSP
AVO
Reservoir geophysics
Unit 8: Geophysical signal processing
- Sampling theorem
- Aliasing
- Nyquist frequency
- Fourier series
- Periodic waveform
- Fourier and Hilbert transform
- Z-transform and wavelet transform
- Power spectrum
- Delta function
- Auto correlation
- Cross correlation
- Convolution
- Deconvolution
- Principles of digital filters
- Windows, poles and zeros
Unit 9: Principles and technique
- Principles and technique of −
- Geophysical well-logging
- SP
- Resistivity
- Induction
- Gamma ray
- Neutron
- Density
- Sonic
- Temperature
- Dip meter
- Caliper
- Nuclear magnetic
- Cement bond logging
- Micro-logs
- Quantitative evaluation of formations from well logs
- well hydraulics and application of geophysical methods for groundwater study
- application of bore hole geophysics in ground water, mineral and oil exploration
Unit 10: Radioactive methods
Radioactive methods of −
Prospecting and assaying of mineral (radioactive and non-radioactive) deposits
Half-life
Decay constant
Radioactive equilibrium
G M counter
Scintillation detector
Semiconductor devices
Application of radiometric for exploration
Assaying and radioactive waste disposal
Unit 11: Basic concepts of forward and inverse problems
Ill-posedness of inverse problems, condition number, non-uniqueness and stability of solutions
L1, L2 and LP norms, overdetermined, underdetermined and mixed determined inverse problems
Quasilinear and non-linear methods including Tikhonov’s regularization method, Singular Value Decomposition, Backus-Gilbert method, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms and artificial neural network
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