GATE Biomedical Syllabus

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Subject Code: BM

Course Structure

Course Syllabus

Section A: Engineering Mathematics

Unit 1: Linear Algebra

• Matrix Algebra
• Systems of linear equations
• Eigenvalues
• Eigenvectors

Unit 2: Calculus

• Mean value theorems
• Theorems of integral calculus
• Evaluation of definite and improper integrals
• Partial Derivatives
• Maxima and minima
• Multiple integrals
• Fourier series
• Vector identities
• Directional derivatives
• Line integral
• Surface integral
• Volume integral
• Stokes’ theorem
• Gauss’s theorem
• Green’s theorem

Unit 3: Differential equations

• First order equations (linear and nonlinear)
• Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients
• Method of variation of parameters
• Cauchy’s equation
• Euler’s equation
• Initial and boundary value problems
• Partial Differential Equations
• Method of separation of variables

Unit 4: Complex variables

• Analytic functions
• Cauchy’s integral theorem
• Cauchy’s integral formula
• Taylor series
• Laurent series
• Residue theorem
• Solution integrals

Unit 5: Probability and Statistics

• Sampling theorems
• Conditional probability
• Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions
• Poisson distribution
• Normal distribution
• Binomial distribution
• Correlation analysis,
• Regression analysis

Unit 6: Numerical Methods

• Solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations
• Single and Multi-step methods for differential equations

Section B: Electric Circuits

• Voltage and current sources: independent, dependent, ideal and practical
• V-I relationships of resistor, inductor, mutual inductor and capacitor
• Transient analysis of RLC circuits with DC excitation.
• Kirchhoff’s laws, mesh and nodal analysis
• Theorems - Superposition, Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Maximum power transfer and Reciprocity.
• Peak, average, and RMS values of AC quantities;
• Apparent, active and reactive powers;
• Phasor analysis, impedance and admittance
• Series and parallel resonance,
• Locus diagrams
• Realization of basic filters with R, L and C elements.

Section C: Signals and Systems

• Continuous and Discrete Signal and Systems
• Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals
• Sampling theorem
• Laplace, Fourier and z-transforms
• Transfer function, frequency response of first and second order linear time invariant systems
• Impulse response of systems
• Convolution and correlation
• Discrete time systems
• Impulse response, frequency response, pulse transfer function, DFT
• Basics of IIR and FIR filters.

Section D: Analog and Digital Electronics

• Characteristics and applications of diode
• Zener diode, BJT and MOSFET
• Small signal analysis of transistor circuits, feedback amplifiers
• Characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers
• Difference amplifier, adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, instrumentation amplifier, buffer.
• Combinational logic circuits
• Minimization of Boolean functions
• IC families: TTL and CMOS
• Arithmetic circuits, comparators
• Schmitt trigger, multi-vibrators, sequential circuits, flipflops, shift registers, timers and counters
• Sample-and-hold circuit, multiplexer
• Characteristics of ADC and DAC (resolution, quantization, significant bits, conversion/settling time)
• Basics of number systems, microprocessor and microcontroller: applications, memory and input-output interfacing; elements of data acquisition systems.

Section E: Measurements and Control Systems

• SI units
• Systematic and random errors in measurement
• Expression of uncertainty - accuracy and precision index, propagation of errors
• PMMC, MI and dynamometer type instruments
• DC potentiometer; bridges for measurement of R, L and C, Q-meter
• Basics of control engineering
• Modeling system: transfer function and state-space model
• Stability analysis: time domain and frequency domain analysis

Section F: Sensors and Bio-instrumentation

• Types of Instruments - Resistive, capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric
• Hall Effect sensors and associated signal conditioning circuits
• Optical sources and detectors
• LED, Photo-diode, p-inandavalanchephotodiode (APD)
• Light dependent resistor and their characteristics
• Basics of magnetic sensing
• Interferometer- applications in metrology
• Basics of fiber optic sensing
• Basics of LASERs
• Origin, nature, and types of Biosignals
• Principles of sensing physiological parameters
• Types of transducers and their characteristics
• Electrodes for bioelectric signals
• Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
• Biopotential Amplifiers, Noise artefacts and their management
• Electrical Isolation (optical and electrical) and Safety of Biomedical Instruments
• Generation, Acquisition, and signal conditioning and analysis of biosignals: ECG, EMG, EEG, EOG, Blood ERG, PCG, GSR.
• Principles of measuring blood pressure, Core temperature, volume & flow in arteries, veins and tissues – Lung volumes, respiration and cardiacrate.

Section G: Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Basic elements of human body-muscloskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, endocrine system, nervous system, digestive, nervous,immune, integumentary, and reproductive systems
• Basics of cell and molecular biology.

Section H: Biomechanics

• Engineering Mechanics
• Hard Tissues
• Soft Tissues
• Human Joints and Movements
• Biofluid mechanics

Section I: Medical Imaging Systems

• Basic physics and Instrumentation of medical images in X-Ray, Ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET, FMRI, SPECT, and their characteristics

Section J: Biomaterials

• Basic properties of biomaterials, biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradable materials,Fundamentals of
• Implants and medical devices, drug delivery carriers, scaffolds for tissue