A group of communication in a computer network is multicasting, where a sender sends data to multiple receivers simultaneously. Simply in Multicasting we send data across a computer network to several users at the same time. It supports one-to-many and many-to-many data transmission across LANs or WANs.User Datagram Protocol (UDP)The ... Read More

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a router protocol used to find the best path for packets as they pass through a set of connected networks.This protocol is designated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) one of the Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) aimed at traffic moving around within a ... Read More

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) shares error reporting and device status messages which can be further divided into specific message types with their codes.These message types can be divided into two categories −Error Reporting MessagesQuery MessagesThese message types are shown below −Error Reporting MessagesThese are messages which are sent when ... Read More

There are three security issues that are applicable to the IP protocol −Packet SniffingPacket ModificationIP SpoofingLet us discuss each issue in detail.Packet SniffingA guest may intercept an IP packet and create a copy of it.The packet sniffing is generally a passive attack, where the attacker does not change the contents ... Read More

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is called the fourth version in the development of the Internet Protocol. Its address is a 32-bit address which uniquely defines the connection that means here each address defines one, and only one, connection to the Internet.If a device has two connections to the ... Read More

Let us understand the concept of flow control and congestion control.Flow controlIt is handled by a receiving side and it safeguards that a sender can only send something that a receiver can control or handle.Flow control handles a mechanism available to safeguard that communication flows smoothly.For example, a situation where ... Read More

The Congestion at the network layer came across two issues which are throughput and delay.Based on DelayWhen compared to capacity of the network, if load is less, the delay is minimum.Here the minimum delay is composed of propagation delay and processing delay and both are negligible.Therefore, when load reaches the ... Read More

The performance of a network can be measured in terms of Delay, Throughput and Packet loss.Let us try to understand the concept of Delay.DelayA packet from its source to its destination, encounters delays. The delays in a network can be divided into four types as follows −Transmission delayTransmission delay is ... Read More

A protocol is a set of rules and standards that primarily outline a language that devices will use to communicate. There are an excellent range of protocols in use extensively in networking, and that they are usually implemented in numerous layers.It provides a communication service where the process is used ... Read More

A protocol is a set of rules and standards that primarily outline a language that devices will use to communicate. There are an excellent range of protocols in use extensively in networking, and that they are usually implemented in numerous layers.It provides a communication service where the process is used ... Read More