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Articles by Arnab Chakraborty
Page 219 of 377
Irregular Arrays in Data Structure
Here we will see the Irregular arrays. Before discussing the irregular arrays, we have to know what are regular arrays. The regular arrays are that kind of arrays, where the number of columns in each row is same. Or in other words, when each row is holding same number of elements, then that is regular arrays. The following representation is a regular array.From the definition of regular array, we can understand what are the irregular arrays. So in irregular arrays, each row may or may not contain same number of elements. This kind of irregular arrays can also be represented ...
Read MoreArray of Arrays Representation in Data Structure
In this section we will see another representation of multidimensional arrays. Here we will see the Array of Arrays representation. In this form, we have an array, that is holding the starting addresses of multiple arrays. The representation will be look like this.This is a two-dimensional array x of size [7 x 8]. Each row is represented as a single onedimensional array. The initial array is holding the addresses of these single arrays. They are array of addresses, so we can say that, it is an array of pointers. Each pointer is holding addresses of another arrays.create this kind of ...
Read MoreHeterogeneous Arrays in Data Sturcture
As we know the arrays are homogeneous by definition. So we have to put data of same type in an array. But if we want to store data of different type, then what will be the trick? In C like old languages, we can use unions to artificially coalesce the different types into one type. Then we can define an array on this new type. Here the kind of object that an array element actually contains is determined by a tag. Let us see one structure like this −struct Vehicle{ int id; union { Bus ...
Read MoreArray Doubling in Data Structure
Sometimes we create array using dynamic memory allocation. If the array is allocated using dynamic memory allocation technique, we can double the size of array by performing some operations.Suppose initial array size was 5.Array01234Element 1Element 2Element 3Element 4Element 5After array doubling, the size is −0123456789Element 1Element 2Element 3Element 4Element 5Element 6Element 7Element 8Element 9Element 10To double the size of array arr of size n, arr[0…n-1]. At first we have to create one new array of size say m. Then copy n elements from arr to the new array. Finally change the value of arr to point to the new array.To ...
Read MoreSubstitution Method in Data Structure
Here we will see how to use substitution method to solve recurrence relations. We will take two examples to understand it in better way.Suppose we are using the binary search technique. In this technique, we check whether the element is present at the end or not. If that is present at middle, then the algorithm terminates, otherwise we take either the left and right subarray from the actual array again and again. So in each step the size of the array decreases by n / 2. Suppose the binary search algorithm takes T(n) amount of time to execute. The base ...
Read MoreCounting Cache Misses in Data Structure
In algorithm analysis we count the operations and steps. This is basically justified when computer takes more time to perform an operation than they took to fetch the data needed for that operation. Nowadays the cost of performing an operation is significantly lower than the cost of fetching data from memory.The run time of many algorithms is dominated by the number of memory references (number of cache misses) rather than by the number of operations. So, when we will try to desing some algorithms, we have to focus on reducing not only the number of operations but also the number ...
Read MoreOperation Counts Method in Algorithm
There are different methods to estimate the cost of some algorithm. One of them by using the operation count. We can estimate the time complexity of an algorithm by choosing one of different operations. These are like add, subtract etc. We have to check how many of these operations are done. The success of this method depends on our ability to identify the operations that contribute most of the time complexity.Suppose we have an array, of size n [0 to n - 1]. Our algorithm will find the index of largest element. We can estimate the cost by counting number ...
Read MoreFind median of BST in O(n) time and O(1) space in C++
ConceptWith respect of a given Binary Search Tree(BST), our task is to determine median of it.For even no. of nodes, median = ((n/2th node + (n+1)/2th node) /2 For odd no. of nodes, median = (n+1)/2th node.For given BST(with odd no. of nodes) is − 7 / \ 4 9 / \ / \ 2 5 8 10Inorder of Given BST will be : 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 So, here median will 7.For given BST(with even no. of nodes) is − 7 ...
Read MoreFind n-th lexicographically permutation of a strings in C++
ConceptWith respect of a given string of length m containing lowercase alphabets only, our task to determine the n-th permutation of string lexicographically.Inputstr[] = "pqr", n = 3OutputResult = "qpr"ExplanationAll possible permutation in sorted order − pqr, prq, qpr, qrp, rpq, rqpInputstr[] = "xyx", n = 2OutputResult = "xyx"ExplanationAll possible permutation in sorted order − xxy, xyx, yxxMethodHere we use some Mathematical concept for solving this problem.The concept is based on following facts.Here, the total number of permutation of a string generated by N characters (all distinct) is N!Now, the total number of permutation of a string generated by N ...
Read MoreFind multiplication of sums of data of leaves at same levelss in C++
ConceptWith respect of a given Binary Tree, return following value for it.With respect of every level, calculate sum of all leaves if there are leaves at this level. Else ignore it.Calculate multiplication of all sums and return it.InputRoot of following tree 3 / \ 8 6 \ 10Output80First level doesn’t have leaves. Second levelhas one leaf 8 and third level also has one leaf 10. So result is 8*10 = 80InputRoot of following tree 3 ...
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