In this article, we will explore some useful string functions in Ruby that are widely used to format data.Get the Length of the StringTo find the length of the string, we will use the size method.ExampleConsider the code shown below.str = "TutorialsPoint" puts str.sizeOutputIt will produce the following output.14 To Check Empty stringTo check if a string is empty, we use the size method and comparison operator.ExampleConsider the code shown below.str = "TutorialsPoint" puts str.size == 0OutputIt will produce the following output.false To Extract a Substring from StringTo extract a substring from a string, we will use square bracket notation.ExampleConsider ... Read More

Encapsulation is the ability to wrap the data into a single unit. In simple terms, it's a mechanism to wrap data and the code that manipulates the data. In Ruby, we can achieve encapsulation with the help of classes.Let's consider a very simple example where we will implement encapsulation.Example 1Consider the code shown belowclass Document    attr_accessor :name    def initialize(name)       @name = name    end    def set_name(name)       @name = name    end end d = Document.new('TP') d.set_name('TutorialsPoint') puts d.nameOutputIt will produce the following output −TutorialsPointExample 2Let's consider one ... Read More

Abstraction is an object-oriented programming concept, where the essential attributes of something are shown and all the unnecessary ones are hidden. With this approach, one can hide the implementation details and provide only the important interface.A very good example of abstraction is your car. It's a great example of abstraction. When you start the car by turning the key or pressing the start button, you don't necessarily need to know how the engine works or how it gets started, also what components are present in that car or what else is there. These details that are irrelevant to the driver ... Read More

In addition to loops, conditionals, and iterators, Ruby has some statements that are used to change the control flow in a program. In other words, these statements are pieces of code that execute one after the other until a condition is met.In this article, we will explore the following control flow alterations in Ruby −break statementnext statementredo statementretry statementLet's consider each of these one by one.break statementWhen a condition is True in Ruby, the break statement terminates a loop.ExampleConsider the code shown below.# break statement example itr = 1 while true    if itr * 6 >= 35   ... Read More

break Statement in RubyIn Ruby, we use the break statement in order to make sure that we exit a certain loop after a condition. For example, suppose we want to print the numbers from 1 to 10, but once we hit the number 5, we just don't want the loop to print any numbers that come after it. In such a case, we can use the break statement.Example 1Let's take an example and understand how the break statement works in Ruby. Consider the code shown below.# break statement in Ruby #!/usr/bin/ruby -w itr = 1 # while Loop ... Read More

Sometimes we may want to exact a portion from an array data and perform some operation on it. In Ruby, we can do that with the help of the slice() function that takes two arguments, both of them indices, that are used to define a subsequence which then can be extracted from the array.SyntaxThe syntax of the slice() function is shown below −res = Array.slice(x, y)Here, x and y denote the starting index and the ending index, respectively.Example 1Now that we know a little about the slice() function on arrays, let's take a couple of examples and see how to ... Read More

Sometimes we need to extract a portion of an array data and perform some operation on the extracted data. In Ruby, we can perform such operations with the help of the shift() function.The shift() function takes one argument, which is an index that is used to remove the first element from that index and return all the elements before it. If the index is somehow invalid, then it returns nil.SyntaxThe syntax of the shift() function is shown below −res = Array.shift(x)Here, the argument "x" denotes the starting index.Example 1Now that we know a little about the shift() function on arrays, ... Read More

In Ruby, we can take the help of lambda functions when we want to use anonymous functions. They are also treated like objects in Ruby, as everything in Ruby is treated as objects.SyntaxThe syntax of declaring a lambda function is shown below.lambda = lambda {}Or, we can also make use of lambda literal.lambda = ->() {} Let's first check the type of the lambda functions in Ruby with the help of a program.Example 1Consider the code shown belowsome_lambda_function = lambda { puts "Welcome to TutorialsPoint!"} puts some_lambda_function.classOutputProc Example 2Now let's create another program where we will use our own ... Read More

In Ruby, the class whose objects can be ordered uses the Comparable mixin. Class definitions need to include an operator to compare receivers with each other. The operator will return either -1, 0, or 1.It returns -1 if the receiver is less than another object.If it is greater than another object, then it returns 1.It returns 0 if the receiver is equal to another object.In the Comparable module, the operator is used to implement the conventional comparison operators (*, =, and >) and sometimes also between? method as well.Now that we know a little about the comparable module in ... Read More

In this article, we will explore the two most widely used methods on arrays in Ruby. These are the reverse() method and the reverse! method.reverse() methodThe reverse() method in Ruby reverses the content of the array and returns a new array. Now, let's take a couple of examples to understand how it works.Example 1# reverse() method in Ruby # array declaration first_arr = [18, 22, 33, nil, 7, 6] # array declaration second_arr = [1, 5, 1, 3, 88, 9] # array declaration third_arr = [18, 22, 55, 6] # reverse method example puts "reversed array ... Read More