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MCA Articles
Page 69 of 94
The Host-to-Network Layer in TCP/IP Model
The host-to-network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model and is concerned with the physical transmission of data. It is also called a network interface layer or link layer. It can be considered as the combination of physical layer and data link layer of the OSI model.The functions of this layer are −It defines how bits are to be encoded into optical or electrical pulses.It accepts IP packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames. It synchronizes the transmission of the frames as well as the bits making up the frames, between the sender and the ...
Read MoreThe Internet Layer in the TCP/IP Model
The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet. It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model.The main functions of the internet layer are −It transmits data packets to the link layer.It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal route.It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination.It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data packets.The protocols used in this layer are −Internet Protocol, IP − It is a connectionless and unreliable protocol that provides a ...
Read MoreProtocol and Protocol Hierarchies
A protocol is a set of rules and conventions agreed upon and followed by the communicating entities for data communication. A protocol outlines the what, how and when of a communication.The three aspects of a protocol are −Syntax − It defines the format of data that is to be sent or received.Semantics − It defines the meaning of each section of bits that are transferred.Timings − It defines the time at which data is transferred as well as the speed at which it is transferred.Protocol HierarchiesMost networks are organized as a stack of layers, one on the top of another. ...
Read MoreConnection-Oriented Services
A connection-oriented service is one that establishes a dedicated connection between the communicating entities before data communication commences. It is modeled after the telephone system. To use a connection-oriented service, the user first establishes a connection, uses it and then releases it. In connection-oriented services, the data streams/packets are delivered to the receiver in the same order in which they have been sent by the sender.Connection-oriented services may be done in either of the following ways −Circuit-switched connection: In circuit switching, a dedicated physical path or a circuit is established between the communicating nodes and then data stream is transferred.Virtual circuit-switched ...
Read MoreConnectionless Services
A Connectionless service is a data communication between two nodes where the sender sends data without ensuring whether the receiver is available to receive the data. Here, each data packet has the destination address and is routed independently irrespective of the other packets. Thus the data packets may follow different paths to reach the destination. There’s no need to setup connection before sending a message and relinquish it after the message has been sent. The data packets in a connectionless service are usually called datagrams.Protocols for connectionless services are −Internet Protocol (IP)User Datagram Protocol (UDP)Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)Connectionless services ...
Read MoreReference Models in Computer Network
In computer networks, reference models give a conceptual framework that standardizes communication between heterogeneous networks.The two popular reference models are −OSI ModelTCP/IP Protocol SuiteOSI ModelOSI or Open System Interconnection model was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO). It gives a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communication should be done between heterogeneous systems. It has seven interconnected layers.The seven layers of the OSI Model are a physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. The hierarchy is depicted in the following figure −TCP / IP PROTOCOL SUITETCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, while ...
Read MoreThe Data Link Layer of OSI Model
The data link layer (Layer 2) converts the raw transmission facility provided by the physical layer to a reliable and error-free link.The main functions of the data link layer are as follows −It breaks up the stream of bits into data frames having sizes from a few hundred to a few thousand bytes.It ensures distribution of the frames to the different systems. For this, it adds a header to the frame containing the address of the sender and the receiver.In case of reliable connection, this layer ensures that the receiver sends an acknowledgement frame. In absence of acknowledgement frames, frame ...
Read MoreHome Networks
A home network is a small sized LAN that is used to connected devices within the small area of a home. It facilitates sharing of files, peripheral devices, programs and Internet access among the computers in a home. Home networks may be wired, i.e. connections within devices are done with cables; or wireless, i.e. connections are provided using Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.Purpose of Home NetworksModemRouterNetwork SwitchNetwork BridgeHome Automation Controller
Read MoreLocal Area Networks
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a private network that connects computers and devices within a limited area like a residence, an office, a building or a campus. On a small scale, LANs are used to connect personal computers to printers. However, LANs can also extend to a few kilometers when used by companies, where a large number of computers share a variety of resources like hardware (e.g. printers, scanners, audiovisual devices etc), software (e.g. application programs) and data.The distinguishing features of LAN areNetwork size is limited to a small geographical area, presently to a few kilometers.Data transfer rate is ...
Read MoreMetropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size greater than LAN but smaller than a WAN. It normally comprises networked interconnections within a city that also offers a connection to the Internet.The distinguishing features of MAN areNetwork size generally ranges from 5 to 50 km. It may be as small as a group of buildings in a campus to as large as covering the whole city.Data rates are moderate to high.In general, a MAN is either owned by a user group or by a network provider who sells service to users, rather than a single organization as ...
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