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MCA Articles
Page 55 of 95
Implementation of connection-oriented services
We need a virtual-circuit subnet for connection-oriented service. Virtual circuits were designed to avoid having to choose a new route for every packet sent, providing a more efficient and predictable communication path. Instead, a route from the source machine to the destination machine is chosen as part of the connection setup and stored in tables inside the routers when a connection is established. That route is utilized for all traffic flowing over the connection, exactly the same manner as telephone networks operate. The virtual circuit is terminated when the connection is released. In connection-oriented service, every packet carries ...
Read MoreWhat is the concept of datagram packet switching?
In a packet switching network, data is transmitted between sender and receiver in the form of packets without requiring a dedicated physical path. Large messages are subdivided into multiple packets and reassembled at the destination. Datagram packet switching is one of two main types of packet switching where each packet independently finds its own route to the destination, making routing decisions at each intermediate node. Types of Packet Switching Packet switching networks are classified into two main types: Datagram packet switching − Each packet is routed independently Virtual circuit packet switching − A predetermined path ...
Read MoreWhat is virtual circuit packet switching?
Virtual circuit packet switching is a connection-oriented packet switching technique where a logical path is established between the source and destination before data transmission begins. Unlike datagram switching, all packets in a virtual circuit follow the same predetermined route through the network. In virtual circuit switching, the network establishes a virtual connection that appears as a dedicated physical circuit between communicating devices. This logical path reserves resources and ensures packets arrive in the correct order at the destination. How Virtual Circuit Switching Works Virtual circuit packet switching operates through three distinct phases: Call Setup ...
Read MoreWhat are the SONET/SDH standards in networking?
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) are international standards for transmitting digital information over optical fiber networks. SONET is primarily used in North America, while SDH is the international standard used worldwide. These standards provide a framework for high-speed data transmission, offering cost-effective transport in both access and core network areas. The optical layer delivers services for synchronous transmission and performance monitoring across telecommunications networks. SONET/SDH Network Architecture Terminal Equipment Add/Drop Multiplexer ...
Read MoreWhat is Dense Wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)?
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that multiplexes data signals from different sources so they can share a single optical fiber pair while maintaining complete separation of the data streams. DWDM can handle higher speed protocols up to 100 Gbps per channel, with each channel separated by only 0.8nm. Dense wavelength division multiplexing works on the same principle as CWDM but provides increased channel capacity and can be amplified to support much longer distances. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) λ1 (1530nm) ...
Read MoreWhat is network services terminology?
The real function of every layer in the OSI model is to provide services to the layer above it. Understanding the terminology used in network services is essential for comprehending how different layers interact and communicate with each other. Key Network Service Entities Entities are active elements within each layer that can be either software-based (like processes) or hardware-based (like intelligent I/O chips). Peer entities are corresponding entities that exist in the same layer on different machines and communicate using the same protocol. Service Provider and Service User Relationship ...
Read MoreWhat is Attenuation Distortion in computer networks?
Attenuation distortion is a type of transmission impairment that occurs when a signal loses strength as it travels through a communication medium. This phenomenon causes the received signal to have reduced amplitude compared to the original transmitted signal, potentially making it difficult for the receiver to properly interpret the data. Attenuation distortion affects both analog and digital signals. In analog transmission, the signal's amplitude decreases and its shape may change. In digital transmission, the weakened signal can cause bit errors, where 1s may be interpreted as 0s or vice versa. How Attenuation Distortion Works As signals propagate ...
Read MoreWhat are noise impairments in Computer networks?
Noise impairments are unwanted signals that interfere with data transmission in computer networks, causing the received signal to differ from the transmitted signal. Noise is one of the primary causes of transmission impairments that degrade signal quality and can lead to data corruption. In analog signals, noise causes changes in amplitude or wave shape, while in digital signals, noise can flip bits from 0 to 1 or vice versa, leading to transmission errors. Signal Transmission with Noise Original Signal: ...
Read MoreWhat are static routing algorithms in computer networks?
A static routing algorithm is a form of routing that occurs when a router uses manually configured routing entries rather than automatically discovered routes. In static routing, network administrators manually add routing entries to the routing table. Static routes are fixed and do not change automatically when the network topology is modified or reconfigured. Unlike dynamic routing protocols, static routes remain in the routing table until manually removed or modified by an administrator. Static and dynamic routing are not mutually exclusive approaches. They are commonly used together on routers to maximize routing efficiency and provide backup routes when ...
Read MoreWhat are load sensitive routing algorithms?
Load-sensitive routing algorithms are adaptive routing protocols that make path selection decisions based on the current network load and traffic conditions. These algorithms adjust routing paths dynamically to avoid congested links and optimize network performance. Load-sensitive routing was initially integrated into early Internet routing algorithms during the ARPANET era. However, it was later abandoned for several decades due to stability issues, including overreaction to network changes and permanent oscillation effects that degraded network performance. How Load-Sensitive Routing Works Load-sensitive routing algorithms continuously monitor network conditions such as link utilization, delay, and congestion levels. When a link becomes ...
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