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MCA Articles
Page 26 of 95
Fletcher's Checksum
Fletcher's checksum is an error-detection technique that uses two checksums to determine single-bit errors in a message transmitted over network channels. It is a block code technique that was devised by John G. Fletcher in the 1970s at Lawrence Livermore Labs, USA. The checksums are created based on the data values in the data blocks to be transmitted and appended to the data. When the receiver gets this data, the checksums are re-calculated and compared with the existing checksums. A non-match indicates an error. The error-detection capabilities of this method are nearly the same as that of Cyclic ...
Read MoreWhat is Polynomial Code?
A polynomial code is a linear code where valid codewords are represented as polynomials that are divisible by a shorter fixed polynomial called the generator polynomial. These codes are fundamental in digital communication systems for error detection and correction during data transmission and storage. The key principle behind polynomial codes is that data bits are treated as coefficients of polynomials, enabling mathematical operations that can detect and correct transmission errors effectively. Types of Polynomial Codes The main types of polynomial codes include: Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) − Most commonly used for error detection in networking ...
Read MoreWhat is algorithm for computing the CRC?
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is a block code that was invented by W. Wesley Peterson in 1961. It is commonly used to detect accidental changes to data transmitted via telecommunications networks and storage devices. CRC involves binary division of the data bits being sent by a predetermined divisor agreed upon by the communicating system. The divisor is generated using polynomials. So, CRC is also called polynomial code checksum. Before sending the message over network channels, the sender encodes the message using CRC. The receiver decodes the incoming message to detect error. If the message is error-free, then it ...
Read MoreWhat is WAN accelerator?
A wide area network accelerator (WAN accelerator) is a hardware component, software, or appliance executing in a virtualized environment that provides caching and optimization of WAN services. A WAN accelerator is also called a WAN optimizer or application accelerator. WAN accelerators are deployed to improve network performance over long-distance connections by reducing bandwidth usage and minimizing latency for data transmission across wide area networks. Working Principle A WAN accelerator provides services to speed up information flow between end users for imparting better network experience. Its primary target is to reduce the data volume to be transmitted through ...
Read MoreWhat is Network Acceleration?
Network acceleration is a set of techniques used to increase the speed of information flow between end users, providing better network performance and user experience. It is also known as WAN optimization or WAN acceleration. Network acceleration becomes crucial when organizations need to optimize data transfer across wide area networks, especially for applications like file transfers, video conferencing, and cloud services that require high bandwidth and low latency. Techniques Used in Network Acceleration Traffic Shaping − Priority is assigned to network traffic based on which bandwidth is allocated to ensure critical applications receive adequate resources. ...
Read MoreWhat are the headers used in a Data Link Layer?
The Data Link Layer uses headers to control frame transmission and ensure reliable communication between directly connected nodes. These headers contain essential control information that enables proper frame delivery, sequencing, and error handling. Data Link Layer Frame Structure A frame is the unit of communication in the data link layer. The data link layer encapsulates packets from the Network Layer into frames, adding necessary control information through headers. If frames become too large, packets may be divided into smaller frames for efficient transmission. Data Link Layer Frame Structure ...
Read MoreThe Data Link Layer Frame and Frame Fields
A frame is a unit of communication in the data link layer. The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and encapsulates them into frames. If the frame size becomes too large, then the packet may be divided into smaller sized frames. At the receiver's end, the data link layer picks up signals from hardware and assembles them into frames. Fields of a Data Link Layer Frame A data link layer frame has the following parts: Frame Header − Contains the source and destination addresses of the frame and control bytes. ...
Read MoreA Utopian Simplex Protocol
The Simplex Protocol is a theoretical data link layer protocol designed for unidirectional data transmission over an ideal, error-free channel. It represents the most basic form of communication protocol where transmission can never go wrong. This protocol assumes both sender and receiver are always ready for data processing with infinite buffer capacity. The sender transmits all available data immediately, while the receiver processes incoming frames instantly. Since it handles neither flow control nor error control, it is often called the Utopian Simplex Protocol. The significance of this protocol lies in demonstrating the fundamental structure upon which more practical ...
Read MoreA Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol for an Error-Free Channel
Stop-and-Wait protocol is a data link layer protocol for transmission of frames over noiseless channels. It provides unidirectional data transmission with flow control facilities but without error control facilities. This protocol takes into account the fact that the receiver has a finite processing speed. If data frames arrive at the receiver's end at a rate greater than its processing rate, frames will be dropped. To avoid this, the receiver sends an acknowledgement for each frame upon arrival. The sender transmits the next frame only after receiving a positive acknowledgement confirming the receiver is ready for further data processing. ...
Read MorePositive Acknowledgement with Retransmission (PAR)
Positive Acknowledgement with Retransmission (PAR) is a group of error-control protocols for transmission of data over noisy or unreliable communication networks. These protocols reside in the Data Link Layer and Transport Layer of the OSI model. They provide automatic retransmission of frames that are corrupted or lost during transit. PAR is also called Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). PAR protocols are used to provide reliable transmissions over unreliable network services. They are commonly implemented in wireless communication systems like GSM networks, where signal interference and packet loss are frequent challenges. Working Principle In PAR protocols, the receiver sends ...
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