Light can be obtained from various sources like candles, lamp and sunrays etc. Light bulb had invented by Thomas Edison in 1879. An electric current is passed through a filament inside bulb, it gets heated up and emits light when sufficient current is passed through the filament. That means it converts electrical energy into heat energy in the bulb. Where in Light Emitting Diodes (LED), electronic electrical energy can directly converted into light energy.Light is a energy which is released by atoms. Particles of light are photons which have no mass. Atoms are basic building blocks which are made of small ... Read More

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three terminal circuit or device that amplifies flow of current. It is solid state device that flows current in two terminals, i.e., collector and emitter and controlled by third device known as terminal or base terminal. Unlike a normal p-n junction diode, this transistor has two p-n junctions. The basic symbols of BJT are n-type and p-type. Electronic current is conducted by both free electrons and holes in bipolar junction transistor.Terminals of Bipolar Junction TransistorsThere are three terminals in bipolar junction transistors are explained below.Emitter − It supplies charge carriers. It is highly ... Read More

A microprocessor is digital is a digital circuit which is built using a combination logic functions. The microprocessor package contains an integrated circuit.Integrated CircuitAn integrated circuit is electronic circuit or device that has electronic components on a small semiconductor chip. It has functionality of logic AND or amplifying of a signal. These are mainly two types of circuits: Digital or Analog. Analog ICs handle continuous signals such as audio signals and Digital ICs handle discrete signals such as binary values.Types of Integrated CircuitsThere are different types of integrated circuits based various criteria. Based on intended application, the Integrated Circuit (IC) ... Read More

Home is where the heart is! And one feels like calling a house as a home if the home is well decorated or is made attractive using flowers or fragrances that please the senses. But, gone are the days when only flowers or bonsai plants could decorate home. The latest trend is the use of electronic devices for home decor.Some of them areClocks: Clocks were used earlier just to note the time. But, these have actually become a luxury symbol now. Not only the brand makes it look costly, but also the design. The other day, I went to a ... Read More

Smartphones are the friendly gadgets which have made everything reachable through a touch. They have occupied such a huge place in our daily lives that it is no wonder that for most of us, a smartphone is the first thing we look at in the morning and it is the last thing we see before going to bed.Now, there will certainly be some advantages and a few disadvantages while using any electronic gadget. Let’s observe them:AdvantagesKeep your loved ones in touch, either through calls, text or images, .which express the feeling in a sweet and amusing way.You may know where ... Read More

The Leather is undoubtedly an expensive material as compared to its available counterparts. However, its luster and texture often get ruined with time. But we can avoid it if we handle it with a little care... gentlemen!!1. Let It Breathe: When we purchase a new leather belt, it is often packed in polythene. But once you start using it, use a cloth to cover it and wipe it off with a clean dry cloth.2. Hang Straight: Never swirl and bend your leather belt. Indeed hang it straight onto a hanger.3. Store It In Shade: Sunlight or any harsh radiant light tends ... Read More

LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The LASER action was first proposed by Einstein.Applications of a LASERA LASER can be used in many fields. Some of its usages are given here.Used In Welding and Melting: The laser beam welding is mainly used for joining components using high welding speeds and low thermal distortion.Used In Holography: The reason that a hologram cannot be made without a LASER source is that coherence length for laser source can be very high due to which sustained interference pattern will be recorded on a hologram. This suggests the indispensable ... Read More

The FM receiver is the whole unit which takes the modulated signal as input and outputs the original audio signal. Radio amateurs are the initial radio receivers. They had got drawbacks such as poor sensitivity and selectivity.Selectivity is the selection of a particular signal while rejecting the others. Sensitivity is the capacity of detecting RF signal and demodulating it, while at the lowest power level. Both Selectivity and Sensitivity should be high for an FM receiver. To overcome these drawbacks of the ordinary receiver, the superheterodyne receiver was invented. This FM receiver consists of 5 main stages.RF Tuner SectionThe modulated ... Read More

Rat-race junction is a microwave device used when there is a need to combine two signals with no phase difference and to avoid the signals that have a path difference.A normal three port Tee junction is taken and 4th port is added to it, to make this rat-race junction. All of these ports are connected in angular ring forms at equal intervals using series or parallel junctions.The mean circumference of total race be 1.5λ and that each of the four ports is separated by a distance of λ/4. The below figure shows the image of a Rat-race junction.Let us consider ... Read More

A helical antenna is another type of wire antenna, which is widely used for a higher range of broadband VHF and UHF applications. The frequency range of operation of the helical antenna is around 30MHz to 3GHz.Helical antenna or helix antenna is the antenna in which the conducting wire is wound in a helical shape and connected to the ground plate with a feeder line. It is the simplest antenna which provides circularly polarized waves and used in extra-terrestrial communications in which satellite relays etc., are involved.It consists of a helix of thick copper wire or tubing wound in the ... Read More