There are two methods for converting a Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) to Regular expression (RE). These methods are as follows −Arden's Theorem Method.State Elimination Method.Now, let us learn about the state elimination method used in TOC.State Elimination MethodStep 1Initial state of DFA does not have any incoming edge.If there exists any incoming edge to the initial state, then we need to create a new initial state which has no incoming edge to it.An example about the relation between incoming edge and initial state is given below−Step 2There must be only one final state in DFA.If there exist multiple final states ... Read More

ProblemConstruct a regular expression for the given finite automata.SolutionStep 1 − Let us write down the equation.q1=q1a+ εq1 is the start state and ε will be added as the input a which is coming to q1 from q1.Hence, we writeState=source state of input * input coming to itStep 2 − Similarly, q2=q1b+q2bq3=q2aStep 3 − Let us simplify q1 first.q1=q1a+ εwe can re-write it as follows−q1= ε +q1aWhich is similar to R=Q+RP which has a solution as follows−R=QP*Step 4 − Assuming R=q1, Q= ε, P=aWe get q1 = ε.a* since ε.R=Rq1=a*Step 5 − Substituting values of q1 in q2 we get, ... Read More

There are two methods for converting a Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) to Regular expression (RE). These methods are as follows −Arden's Theorem Method.State Elimination Method.Let us understand the Arden's Theorem method in detail.Arden's TheoremLet P and Q be the two regular expressions.If P does not contain null string, then the following equation in R, viz R = Q + RP, Which has a unique solution by R = QP*Here, The finite automata (FA) does not have epsilon moves.It must have only initial state q1.Its states are q1, q2, q3, ....qn. The final state may be some qi where i QP* ... Read More

There are two methods for converting a Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) to Regular expression (RE). These methods are as follows −Arden's Theorem Method.State Elimination Method.Let us understand the Arden's Theorem method in detail.Arden's TheoremLet P and Q be the two regular expressions.If P does not contain null string, then the following equation in R, viz R = Q + RP, Which has a unique solution by R = QP*Here, The finite automata (FA) does not have epsilon moves.It must have only initial state q1.Its states are q1, q2, q3, ....qn. The final state may be some qi where iRead More

The basic definitions of the fundamental concepts in the Theory of Computation (TOC) along with the relevant examples are explained below −SymbolSymbols simply call it as a character.It is an atomic unit, such as a digit, character, lowercase letter, etc. Sometimes it is also a word. The formal language does not deal with the “meaning” of the symbols.For example, a, b, c, ……………z0, 1, 2, …………..9+, -, *, %, …………special characters.AlphabetThe set of characters is called as the alphabet.An alphabet is a finite, non-empty set of symbols. It is denoted by Σ or E.For example, Σ ={0, 1} set of ... Read More

RISC and CISC are two different types of computer architectures that are used to design the microprocessors that are found in computers. The fundamental difference between RISC and CISC is that RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) includes simple instructions and takes one cycle, while the CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) includes complex instructions and takes multiple cycles. Read this tutorial to find out more about RISC and CISC and how these two architectures are different from each other. What is RISC? In the RISC architecture, the instruction set of the computer system is simplified to reduce the execution time. RISC ... Read More

There are two types of computing methods namely, soft computing and hard computing. The basic difference between the two is that the hard computing is a conventional computing method which relies on the principles of certainty, accuracy, and inflexibility, on the other hand, the soft computing is a modern methodology that relies on the principles of approximation, flexibility, and uncertainty. In this article, we will discuss the important differences between soft computing and hard computing. But, before going into the differences, let's start with a basic overview. What is Soft Computing? Soft Computing is a modern computing model that ... Read More

There are various types of file formats available in computer file systems. ZIP and RAR are types of archive file formats that are used to store different types of files and folders in a single container. However, ZIP and RAR file formats are quite different from each other. The most fundamental difference between ZIP and RAR is that ZIP is a standard archive file format that can be enabled in any operating system, whereas RAR is an archive file format that requires a third-party tool named WinRAR for its processing. Read this tutorial to learn more about the ZIP and ... Read More

SIT and UAT are two types of testing methodologies, commonly used in software development. SIT (System Integration Testing) is used for testing the interfaces between different modules of the system such as software, hardware, etc. In contrast, UAT (User Acceptance Testing) is used to perform testing from the user end view to validate the product. In UAT, the system is tested for user’s requirements. Read this article to find out more about these two testing methodologies and how they are different. What is SIT? System Integration Testing (SIT) is a type of software testing which is performed in an ... Read More

Both microprocessors and microcontrollers are types electronic devices that come in the form of integrated circuits (ICs) and are used in different modern electronic equipment such as computers, laptops, washing machines, air conditioners, and many other automated electronic gadgets. The primary function of both microprocessors and microcontrollers is to automate the processes. Read this article to find out more about microprocessors and microcontrollers and how they are different from each other. What is a Microprocessor? As its name implies, it is a processing device that converts data into information based on some sets of instructions. It is a very ... Read More