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Computer Engineering Articles
Page 30 of 36
What is Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol?
Classic Ethernet is the original form of Ethernet used primarily in LANs. It provides data rates between 3 to 10 Mbps.It operates both in the physical layer and in the MAC sublayer of the OSI model. In the physical layer, the features of the cables and networks are considered. In MAC sublayer, the frame formats for the Ethernet data frame are laid down.Classic Ethernet was first standardized in 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard.Frame Format of Classic EthernetClassic Ethernet frames can be either of Ethernet (DIX) or of IEEE 802.3 standard. The frames of the two standards are very similar except ...
Read MoreWhat is multicasting in Computer Network?
Multicasting in computer network is a group communication, where a sender(s) send data to multiple receivers simultaneously. It supports one – to – many and many – to – many data transmission across LANs or WANs. Through the process of multicasting, the communication and processing overhead of sending the same data packet or data frame in minimized.Ethernet MulticastEthernet multicast constitutes multicasting at the data link layer of the OSI model for Ethernet networks. Ethernet frames for multicasting are identified by a 1 bit in the LSB (least significant bit) of the first byte of the destination address.IP MulticastIP multicast provides ...
Read MoreWhat is Broadcasting in Computer Network?
Broadcasting in computer network is a group communication, where a sender sends data to receivers simultaneously. This is an all − to − all communication model where each sending device transmits data to all other devices in the network domain.The ways of operation of broadcasting may be −A high level operation in a program, like broadcasting in Message Passing Interface.A low level networking operation, like broadcasting on Ethernet.Broadcasting is shown in the following figure −Advantages of BroadcastingBroadcast helps to attain economies of scale when a common data stream needs to be delivered to all, by minimizing the communication and processing ...
Read MoreOrganizationally Unique Identifier
Organizationally unique identifier (OUI) refers to a 24-bit number assigned to a manufacturer or a vendor of a network device or station. They are globally unique identifiers assigned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Registration Authority.OUI are typically used for uniquely identifying a particular device connected to the computer network through derived identifiers like the Medium Access Control (MAC) addresses. MAC addresses are of 6 octets ( 48-bits ). Among these, the first three octets of the addresses constitutes the OUI.A 3-octet OUI is generally represented in hexadecimal notation separated by dashes (for example, 1F – 9E ...
Read MoreLogical Link Control (LLC)
The logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer of the open system interconnections (OSI) reference model for data transmission. It acts act an interface between the network layer and the medium access control (MAC) sublayer of the data link layer.The LLC sublayer is mainly used for its multiplexing property. It allows several network protocols to operate simultaneously within a multipoint network over the same network medium.LLC Layer in the OSI ModelThe Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a 7 – layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. The ...
Read MoreNetwork Control Protocol (NCP)
Network Control Protocol (NCP) is a set of protocols forming a part of Point − to − Point Protocol (PPP). PPP is a data link layer protocol that is used to transmit multiprotocol data between two directly connected (point-to-point) computers. PPP is composed of link control protocol (LCP), authentication protocol (AP) and network control protocol (NCP). NCPs are used for negotiating the parameters and facilities for the network layer. For every higher-layer protocol supported by PPP, one NCP is there.The following diagram illustrates the layer in which NCPs operate:List of NCPsSome of the NCPs are −Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP) ...
Read MoreWhat is Payload in Computer Network?
In computer networking and telecommunications, when a transmission unit is sent from the source to the destination, it contains both a header and the actual data to be transmitted. This actual data is called the payload. The header contains the protocol information as well as the source and destination addresses, which are required for delivery of the payload. The payload is required by the destination client.The following diagram depicts encapsulation of payload field in a data link layer frame. The data packet from the upper layer is framed by adding a header that contains the control information for data transmission, ...
Read MoreAsymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications technology that transmits digital data at a high bandwidth over existing phone lines to homes and businesses.In order to access ADSL, a Digital Subscriber Line modem (DSL modem) is installed at the client side. The DSL modem sends data bits over the local loop of the telephone network. The local loop is a two – wire connection between the subscriber’s house and the end office of the telephone company. The data bits are accepted at the end office by a device called Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM).Features of ...
Read MoreADSL protocol stacks
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications technology that transmits digital data at a high bandwidth over existing phone lines to homes and businesses.ADSL protocol stack depicts the set of protocols and devices that are used along with ADSL.In order to access ADSL, a Digital Subscriber Line modem (DSL modem) is installed at the customer site. The DSL modem sends data bits over the local loop of the telephone network. The local loop is a two − wire connection between the subscriber’s house and the end office of the telephone company. The data bits are accepted ...
Read MoreWhat is a Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID)?
Virtual Circuit Identifier (VCID or VCI) is an identifier or label on any virtual circuit in a computer network that indicates where a data unit has to travel over the network.A virtual circuit (VC) is a technique by which data is transmitted over a packet switched network such that it seems as though there is a dedicated physical link between the source and destination systems.VCID allows the same channel to be used for simultaneous connections. The same VCID may be reused by connections having disjoint paths, allowing the network to support concurrent connections.Establishment of VC and use of VCIDThe following ...
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