Article Categories
- All Categories
-
Data Structure
-
Networking
-
RDBMS
-
Operating System
-
Java
-
MS Excel
-
iOS
-
HTML
-
CSS
-
Android
-
Python
-
C Programming
-
C++
-
C#
-
MongoDB
-
MySQL
-
Javascript
-
PHP
-
Economics & Finance
Computer Engineering Articles
Page 13 of 36
Second-Generation (2G) Mobile Phones
Second-generation (2G) mobile phones switched from the analog system of 1G to digital communication. It was commercially launched in 1991 as the GSM standard in Finland. Unlike 1G phones, 2G systems offered improved voice quality, data services, and enhanced security through digital transmission. 2G systems were also known as Personal Communications Services (PCS) and marked the beginning of modern mobile communication by introducing digital signal processing and basic data capabilities. 2G Mobile Technology Evolution 1G (Analog) Voice only Poor quality ...
Read MoreDigital Advanced Mobile Phone System
Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS) is a digital version of Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), the original analog standard for cellular phones. D-AMPS uses a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). It adds TDMA to get three channels per AMPS channel, thus tripling the number of calls on a channel. D-AMPS served as a crucial transition technology from analog to digital cellular communications, providing improved voice quality, better security, and increased capacity while maintaining backward compatibility with existing AMPS infrastructure. D-AMPS Channel Structure ...
Read MoreGlobal System for Mobile Communications
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is the most widely used digital mobile telephony system. GSM technology was first launched in Finland in 1991. It was developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for 2G mobile communications. Presently, GSM comprises approximately 90% of mobile connections worldwide. GSM Network Architecture Mobile Station (MS) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Switching (NSS) Operations Support (OSS) ...
Read MoreHandoff in Mobile Connections
In cellular communications, handoff (also called handover) is the process of transferring an active call or data session from one cell in a cellular network to another, or from one channel to another. In satellite communications, it is the process of transferring control from one earth station to another. Handoff is essential for preventing loss of service or interruption to a caller or data session user as they move through the network. Mobile Handoff Process Cell A (Current) Cell B (Target) ...
Read MoreThird-Generation (3G) Mobile Phones
Third generation mobile phones, or 3G mobile phones, represent a set of standards for wireless mobile communication systems that deliver high-quality multimedia services alongside superior voice transmission. 3G technology marked a significant leap from 2G systems by introducing high-speed data transmission and advanced internet capabilities. 3G Mobile Technology Evolution 2G Voice + SMS ~64 kbps 3G Multimedia 2+ Mbps 4G/5G Broadband 100+ Mbps ...
Read MoreEnhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is an improved version of GSM providing higher data transmission rates while maintaining backward compatibility with existing GSM infrastructure. EDGE represents a significant step in the evolution of mobile data services, bridging the gap between 2G and 3G technologies. EDGE was standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and commercially deployed in GSM networks starting in 2003. It is also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) and IMT-Single Carrier (IMT-SC). GSM to EDGE Evolution GSM GMSK Modulation ...
Read MoreCDMA2000
CDMA2000 is a code division multiple access (CDMA) version of IMT-2000 specifications developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It represents a family of 3G mobile communication standards that evolved from the earlier cdmaOne (IS-95) technology. CDMA2000 includes a group of standards optimized for different services: Voice Services − CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology), 1X Advanced Data Services − CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized), 1xEV-DV (Evolution-Data and Voice) CDMA2000 Architecture Overview Mobile Device ...
Read MoreFourth Generation (4G) Mobile Phones
Fourth Generation (4G) mobile phones provide broadband cellular network services and represent the successor to 3G mobile networks. 4G delivers an all-IP based cellular communication system with capabilities that adhere to IMT-Advanced specifications established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The transition to 4G marked a significant leap in mobile technology, moving from circuit-switched to packet-switched networks and enabling true mobile broadband experiences comparable to fixed broadband connections. Key Features All-IP packet switched network − Transmits voice, data, signals, and multimedia over a unified IP-based infrastructure. High-quality uninterrupted services − Aims to provide ...
Read MoreLong-term Evolution (LTE)
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless technology based upon GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA technologies. It offers increased network capacity and speed to mobile device users, serving as an extension of 3G technology for high-speed mobile communications. LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is an improvement over LTE that meets the criteria of 4G wireless communications as laid down by IMT-Advanced standards. It provides greater speeds and better quality of communications compared to standard LTE. Both LTE and LTE-A are used for mobile broadband communications and Voice over IP (VoIP) services, forming the backbone of modern mobile networks. ...
Read MoreVoice over LTE (VoLTE)
Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is a standard for delivering voice communication and data services over 4G LTE networks using an all-IP architecture. Unlike traditional voice calls that use circuit-switched networks, VoLTE transmits voice as data packets over the LTE data network. VoLTE leverages the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) to provide high-quality voice, video, and messaging services. This technology enables faster call setup times, better voice quality, and the ability to use voice and data services simultaneously. How VoLTE Works VoLTE operates entirely on packet-switched technology, converting all voice communications into IP packets. When a user makes a ...
Read More