C++ Articles - Page 428 of 719

Suppose we have two words (beginWord and endWord), and we have dictionary's word list, find the length of shortest transformation sequence from beginWord to endWord, such that −Only one letter can be converted at a time.In each transformed word must exist in the word list. The beginWord is not a transformed word.We have to keep in mind that −Return 0 when there is no such change sequence.All words have the same length.All words contain only lowercase characters.We can assume no duplicates in the word list.So if the input is like: beginWord = "hit", endWord = "cog", and wordlist = ["hot", ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand coroutines in C/C++.Coroutines are control instructions which switch the execution control between two routines which returning any of them.Example Live Demo#include int range(int a, int b){    static long long int i;    static int state = 0;    switch (state){    case 0:       state = 1;       for (i = a; i < b; i++){          return i;       //returning control       case 1:; //resuming control       }    }    state = 0;    return 0; } int main(){    int i;    for (; i=range(1, 5);)       printf("control at main :%d", i);    return 0; }Outputcontrol at main :1 control at main :2 control at main :3 control at main :4

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to create a C/C++ code formatting tool with the help of clang tools.SETUPsudo apt install python sudo apt install clang-format-3.5Then we will create a python file in location where the current user has read and write permissions.Exampleimport os cpp_extensions = (".cxx", ".cpp", ".c", ".hxx", ".hh", ".cc", ".hpp") for root, dirs, files in os.walk(os.getcwd()):    for file in files:       if file.endswith(cpp_extensions):          os.system("clang-format-3.5 -i -style=file " + root + "/" + file)Create a file formatting file in the top directory of the current user.Outputclang-format-3.5 -style=google -dump-config ... Read More

Creating a folder or directory on your computer is an important task in programming. A directory is like a container that helps store and organize files. In C and C++, you often need to create directories to store data, logs, or configuration files. Creating directories makes file management easier. For example, if your program needs to store logs, it should check if a "logs" folder exists. If not, it can create the folder automatically, so you don't have to do it manually. In this article, we'll show you how to create a directory in C or C++. Creating Directories ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to count distinct consecutive sub-string of length two using C++ STL.For this we will provided with a string. Our task is to count and print all the unique substrings of length two from the given string.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; void calc_distinct(string str){    map dPairs;    for (int i=0; i

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to count inversions using set in C++ STL.Inversion count is a measure of how near the array is to be completely sorted. If the array is already sorted, the inversion count will be 0.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; //returning inversion count int get_Icount(int arr[],int n){    multiset set1;    set1.insert(arr[0]);    int invcount = 0; //initializing result    multiset::iterator itset1;    for (int i=1; i

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to count the number of 1’s and 0’s in a binary array using STL in C++.For this we will be provided with an array. Our task is to count the number of 0’s and 1’s present in the array.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; // checking if element is 1 or not bool isOne(int i){    if (i == 1)       return true;    else       return false; } int main(){    int a[] = { 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 };    int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);    int count_of_one = count_if(a, a + n, isOne);    cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to count smaller elements on right side using set in C++ STL.For this we will be provided with an array. Our task is to construct a new array and add the number of smaller elements on the right side of the current element at its position.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; void count_Rsmall(int A[], int len){    set s;    int countSmaller[len];    for (int i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--) {       s.insert(A[i]);       auto it = s.lower_bound(A[i]);       countSmaller[i] = ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to count smaller elements in sorted array in C++.In this we will be given a number and our task is to count all the elements present in the sorted array which are smaller than the given number.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int countSmaller(int arr[], int n, int x){    return upper_bound(arr, arr+n, x) - arr; } int main(){    int arr[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };    int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);    cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand core dump (segmentation fault) in C/C++.It happens due to reasons like when code tries to write on read only memory or tries to access corrupt memory location.ExampleModifying a string literalint main(){    char *str;    str = "GfG";    *(str+1) = 'n';    return 0; }Accessing out of array index bounds#include using namespace std; int main(){    int arr[2];    arr[3] = 10;    return 0; }Accessing an address which is freed#include #include int main(void){    int* p = malloc(8);    *p = 100;    free(p);    *p = 110;    return 0; }OutputAbnormal termination of program