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C++ Articles
Page 14 of 597
Does Ternary operation exist in MySQL just like C or C++?
Yes, ternary operation exists in MySQL using the CASE WHEN statement, which provides similar conditional logic to the ternary operator in C/C++. Let us first examine how the ternary operator works in C and then see its MySQL equivalent. Syntax C Ternary Operator: condition ? value_if_true : value_if_false MySQL Equivalent: CASE WHEN condition THEN value_if_true ELSE value_if_false END Example: C Ternary Operator Here is a complete C program demonstrating the ternary operator − #include int main() { int X = 5; ...
Read MoreWhy array index starts from zero in C/C++ ?
An array arr[i] is interpreted as *(arr+i). Here, arr denotes the address of the first array element or the 0th index element. So *(arr+i) means the element is at i distance from the first element of the array. Therefore, array index starts from 0 as initially i is 0 which means the first element of the array. In this article, we will see examples of C code to understand the reason why an array starts from index 0. Syntax data_type array_name[array_size]; // Accessing element: array_name[index] where index starts from 0 Why Array Index Starts ...
Read MoreWhy do we assume strncpy insecure in C/C++?
The strncpy() function is used to copy a specified number of characters from a source string to a destination string. While it might seem safer than strcpy() because it limits the number of characters copied, strncpy() has several security vulnerabilities that make it unsafe for general use. Syntax char *strncpy(char *destination, const char *source, size_t n); Parameters: destination: Pointer to the destination array where content is to be copied source: Pointer to the source string to be copied n: Maximum number of characters to be copied from source Why strncpy() is Insecure ...
Read MoreAccessing array out of bounds in C/C++
An array in C is a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type where all elements are stored in contiguous memory. When an array is accessed out of bounds, undefined behavior occurs in C, unlike higher-level languages that throw exceptions. Syntax type arrayName[size]; // Valid indices: 0 to (size-1) // Out of bounds: index < 0 or index >= size Accessing Out of Bounds Memory Accessing out-of-bounds memory means trying to access an array index outside its valid range (index < 0 or index >= array size). This returns garbage values ...
Read MoreHow to write long strings in Multi-lines C/C++?
To write long strings in multi-lines, you can use the 'newline character' or 'string concatenation'. It increases the readability of the code, makes the code look clean, and you can avoid horizontal scrolling. In this article, we have a long string and our task is to write the long string in multi-lines in C. Syntax // Using newline character char str[] = "First lineSecond lineThird line"; // Using string concatenation char str[] = "First part of string " "Second part of string ...
Read MoreWhen do function-level static variables get initialized in C/C++?
Static variables can be defined using the static keyword. They are variables that remain in memory while the program is running, meaning their lifetime is the entire program execution. This is different from automatic variables, which remain in memory only when their function is running and are destroyed when the function exits. Function-level static variables are initialized only once − the first time the function is called. The memory for them is allocated at program load time, but the initialization occurs during the first function execution. Syntax static data_type variable_name = initial_value; Example: Static ...
Read MoreWhy C/C++ variables doesn’t start with numbers
In C/C++, a variable name can have alphabets, numbers, and the underscore( _ ) character. There are some keywords in the C/C++ language. Apart from them, everything is treated as an identifier. Identifiers are the names of variables, constants, functions, etc. Syntax Valid identifier naming rules in C − // Valid identifier patterns: [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]* // Valid examples: variable_name, _count, num1, my_var // Invalid examples: 1variable, 2name, 3_count Why Variables in C/C++ Can't Start with Numbers? In C and C++, variable names (also known as identifiers) cannot start with a digit due to ...
Read MoreHow do I find the length of an array in C/C++?
To find the length of an array in C, we can use various approaches that are essential for array manipulation. Finding the length of an array is a fundamental task used in looping through arrays, sorting, searching, and memory management operations. In this article, we will explore different methods to determine the size of an array in C programming. Syntax // Method 1: Using sizeof operator int length = sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]); // Method 2: Using pointer arithmetic int length = *(&array + 1) - array; Method 1: Using sizeof() Operator The ...
Read MoreWhen to use references vs. pointers in C/C++
In C programming, we work with pointers to access memory addresses and manipulate data indirectly. C does not have reference variables like C++, but understanding the difference helps when transitioning between languages. Syntax // Pointer declaration and usage datatype *pointer_name; pointer_name = &variable_name; Pointers in C Pointers are variables that store memory addresses of other variables. They provide indirect access to data and enable dynamic memory allocation. Example: Basic Pointer Usage #include int main() { int a = 8; int *ptr; ...
Read MoreWhen to use extern in C/C++
In C, the extern keyword is used to declare a variable or function that is defined elsewhere in the program. It tells the compiler that the variable or function exists, but its actual definition (memory allocation) is in another file or later in the same file. Syntax // Variable declaration using extern extern datatype variable_name; // Function declaration using extern (optional) extern return_type function_name(parameters); Parameters: datatype − The data type of the variable (int, char, float, etc.) variable_name − Name of the variable to be declared return_type − Return type of the ...
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