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Python - math Module
Python's standard library provides math module. This module includes many pre-defined functions for performing different mathematical operations. These functions do not work with complex numbers. There is a cmath module contains mathematical functions for complex numbers.
Following are various functions available in the Python math module −
Theoretic and Representation Functions
Python includes following theoretic and representation Functions in the math module −
Sr.No. | Function & Description |
---|---|
1 |
The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x |
2 |
math.comb(n,k)
This function is used to find the returns the number of ways to choose "x" items from "y" items without repetition and without order. |
3 |
This function returns a float with the magnitude (absolute value) of x but the sign of y. |
4 |
This function is used to compare the values of to objects. This function is deprecated in Python3. |
5 |
This function is used to calculate the absolute value of a given integer. |
6 |
This function is used to find the factorial of a given integer. |
7 |
This function calculates the floor value of a given integer. |
8 |
The fmod() function in math module returns same result as the "%" operator. However fmod() gives more accurate result of modulo division than modulo operator. |
9 |
This function is used to calculate the mantissa and exponent of a given number. |
10 |
This function returns the floating point sum of all numeric items in an iterable i.e. list, tuple, array. |
11 |
This function is used to calculate the greatest common divisor of all the given integers. |
12 |
This function is used to determine whether two given numeric values are close to each other. |
13 |
This function is used to determine whether the given number is a finite number. |
14 |
This function is used to determine whether the given value is infinity (+ve or, -ve). |
15 |
This function is used to determine whether the given number is "NaN". |
16 |
This function calculates the integer square-root of the given non negative integer. |
17 |
This function is used to calculate the least common factor of the given integer arguments. |
18 |
This function returns product of first number with exponent of second number. So, ldexp(x,y) returns x*2**y. This is inverse of frexp() function. |
19 |
This returns the fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. |
20 |
This function returns the next floating-point value after x towards y. |
21 |
This function is used to calculate the permutation. It returns the number of ways to choose x items from y items without repetition and with order. |
22 |
This function is used to calculate the product of all numeric items in the iterable (list, tuple) given as argument. |
23 |
This function returns the remainder of x with respect to y. This is the difference x − n*y, where n is the integer closest to the quotient x / y. |
24 |
This function returns integral part of the number, removing the fractional part. trunc() is equivalent to floor() for positive x, and equivalent to ceil() for negative x. |
25 |
This function returns the value of the least significant bit of the float x. trunc() is equivalent to floor() for positive x, and equivalent to ceil() for negative x. |
Power and Logarithmic Functions
Sr.No. | Function & Description |
---|---|
1 |
This function is used to calculate the cube root of a number. |
2 |
This function calculate the exponential of x: ex |
3 |
This function returns 2 raised to power x. It is equivalent to 2**x. |
4 |
This function returns e raised to the power x, minus 1. Here e is the base of natural logarithms. |
5 |
This function calculates the natural logarithm of x, for x> 0. |
6 |
This function returns the natural logarithm of 1+x (base e). The result is calculated in a way which is accurate for x near zero. |
7 |
This function returns the base-2 logarithm of x. This is usually more accurate than log(x, 2). |
8 |
The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0. |
9 |
The value of x**y. |
10 |
The square root of x for x > 0 |
Trigonometric Functions
Python includes following functions that perform trigonometric calculations in the math module −
Sr.No. | Function & Description |
---|---|
1 |
This function returns the arc cosine of x, in radians. |
2 |
This function returns the arc sine of x, in radians. |
3 |
This function returns the arc tangent of x, in radians. |
4 |
This function returns atan(y / x), in radians. |
5 |
This function returns the cosine of x radians. |
6 |
This function returns the sine of x radians. |
7 |
This function returns the tangent of x radians. |
8 |
This function returns the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y). |
Angular conversion Functions
Following are the angular conversion function provided by Python math module −
Sr.No. | Function & Description |
---|---|
1 |
This function converts the given angle from radians to degrees. |
2 |
This function converts the given angle from degrees to radians. |
Mathematical Constants
The Python math module defines the following mathematical constants −
Sr.No. | Constants & Description |
---|---|
1 |
This represents the mathematical constant pi, which equals to "3.141592..." to available precision. |
2 |
This represents the mathematical constant e, which is equal to "2.718281..." to available precision. |
3 |
This represents the mathematical constant Tau (denoted by τ ). It is equivalent to the ratio of circumference to radius, and is equal to 2Π. |
4 |
This represents positive infinity. For negative infinity use "−math.inf". |
5 |
This constant is a floating-point "not a number" (NaN) value. Its value is equivalent to the output of float('nan'). |
Hyperbolic Functions
Hyperbolic functions are analogs of trigonometric functions that are based on hyperbolas instead of circles. Following are the hyperbolic functions of the Python math module −
Sr.No. | Function & Description |
---|---|
1 |
This function is used to calculate the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the given value. |
2 |
This function is used to calculate the inverse hyperbolic sine of a given number. |
3 |
This function is used to calculate the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. |
4 |
This function is used to calculate the hyperbolic cosine of the given value. |
5 |
This function is used to calculate the hyperbolic sine of a given number. |
6 |
This function is used to calculate the hyperbolic tangent of a number. |
Special Functions
Following are the special functions provided by the Python math module −
Sr.No. | Function & Description |
---|---|
1 |
This function returns the value of the Gauss error function for the given parameter. |
2 |
This function is the complementary for the error function. Value of erf(x) is equivalent to 1-erf(x). |
3 |
This is used to calculate the factorial of the complex numbers. It is defined for all the complex numbers except the non-positive integers. |
4 |
This function is used to calculate the natural logarithm of the absolute value of the Gamma function at x. |
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