Deep Clone an Object

Write a JavaScript function to create a deep clone of an object without using any built-in methods like JSON.parse(JSON.stringify()) or structuredClone(). The function should handle nested objects, arrays, and primitive values, creating a completely independent copy where modifications to the clone don't affect the original object.

Example 1

      
Input: obj = {a: 1, b: {c: 2, d: [3, 4]}}
      
Output: {a: 1, b: {c: 2, d: [3, 4]}} (completely independent copy)
      
Explanation: 
The function creates a new object with the same structure. 
Primitive value 'a: 1' is copied directly. 
Nested object 'b' is recursively cloned. 
Array [3, 4] inside the nested object is also cloned. 
The result is a completely independent copy.
    

Example 2

      
Input: obj = {name: "John", hobbies: ["reading", "gaming"], address: {city: "NYC", zip: 10001}}
      
Output: {name: "John", hobbies: ["reading", "gaming"], address: {city: "NYC", zip: 10001}} (independent copy)
      
Explanation: 
String primitive "John" is copied directly. 
Array "hobbies" is recursively cloned with all its elements. 
Nested object "address" is recursively cloned. 
All nested properties maintain their values but are independent. 
Modifying the clone won't affect the original object.
    

Constraints

      
The object can contain nested objects, arrays, and primitive values
      
You cannot use JSON.parse(JSON.stringify()) or structuredClone()
      
The clone should be completely independent of the original
      
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the total number of properties
      
Space Complexity: O(n) for the cloned object