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What are the layers of soil?
Soil consists of the following three main layers or horizons:
1. Horizon A or Topsoil
This layer is also called the humus layer, which consists of rich decomposed material and organic matter. That's why the topsoil has a dark brown colour. The humus makes the topsoil soft and porous to hold enough air and water. This is the layer where seeds germinate and roots of the plants grow. Many living organisms like earthworms, centipedes, millipedes, bacteria, and fungi are found in this layer of soil.
2. Horizon B or Subsoil
This is another layer called subsoil or horizon-B, lies just below the topsoil. It is lighter in colour than the topsoil because of less humus in this layer. This layer is thick, full of sand and gravels, and less organic but is rich in minerals.
3. Bedrock or Horizon C
This layer is also known as parent rock and lies just below the subsoil. It is a very hard layer as it is made up of stones and rocks, and contains no organic matter.
Updated on: 20-Mar-2023
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