- Show the formation of NaCl from sodium and chlorine atoms by the transfer of electron(s).
- Why has sodium chloride a high melting point?
- Name the anode and the cathode used in the electrolytic refining of impure copper metal.
(a) The electronic configuration of Sodium – 2, 8, 1 and Chlorine – 2, 8, 7. Hence, the number of electrons in the outermost shell of Sodium = 1 and Chlorine = 7. Sodium transfers its one electron from its outermost shell to chlorine and becomes Na+(2,8) to attain stable electronic configuration and chlorine accepts one electron and becomes Cl - (2,8,8). to attain stable electronic configuration.
The formation of NaCl from sodium and chlorine atoms by the transfer of electron is shown below:
(b) Sodium chloride has a high melting point because it is an ionic compound. Ionic compounds are made up of electrically charged species called ions that can be positive (cation) or negative (anions). The force of attraction between the ions is very strong and is difficult to break. Hence, it requires a high amount of energy to break the bonds.
(c) During the electrorefining of copper:
Anode: Thick block of impure copper metal
Cathode: Thin strip of pure copper metal.
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- (a) Write down the electronic configuration of (i) sodium atom, and (ii) chlorine atom.(b) How many electrons are there in the outermost shell of (i) a sodium atom, and (ii) a chlorine atom? (c) Show the formation of NaCl from sodium and chlorine atoms by the transfer of electron(s). (d) Why has sodium chloride a high melting point? (e) Name the anode and the cathode used in the electrolytic refining of impure copper metal.
- (a) Give the electronic configurations of sodium and chlorine.(b)Write the electron-dot structures for sodium and chlorine atoms.(c) Describe the formation of sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine by the transfer of electrons. What changes take place in the electronic configurations of sodium and chlorine during the formation of sodium chloride? (d) Write any two properties of ionic compounds.
- (a) Give the electron configuration of magnesium and chlorine.(b) Write the electron-dot structures of magnesium and chlorine atoms. (c) Describe the formation of magnesium chloride from magnesium and chlorine by the transfer of electrons. (d) What type of chemical bonds are present in the magnesium chloride formed? (e) Why do such compounds have high melting points?
- What is meant by refining of metals? In the electrolyte refining of metal M, name the cathode, anode and the electrolyte.
- In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte?
- Why the filament of the bulb has a high melting point?
- (a) For the reduction of a metal oxide, suggest a reducing agent other than carbon.(b) Explain why, an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is not used for the electrolytic extraction of sodium metal.
- Describe how sodium and chlorine atoms are changed into ions when they react with each other to form sodium chloride, NaCl. What is the name given to this type of bonding?
- i. Write the electron dot structures for sodium, oxygen, and magnesium.ii. Show the formation of MgO and Na2O by the transfer of electrons.iii. What are the ions present in these compounds?
- All the gases from cathode rays and anode rays when electricity is passed through them :(i) What does the formation of cathode rays tell us about the atoms?(ii) What does the formation of anode rays tell us about the atoms?
- (i) Write the electron dot structures for sodium, oxygen, and magnesium.(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.(iii) What are ions present in these compounds?
- (a) How is the method of extraction of metals high up in the reactivity series different from that for metals in the middle? Why cannot the same process be applied for them? Name and explain the process of extraction of sodium.(b) Draw a labelled diagram of electrolytic refining of copper.
- Name the process you would use to separate ammonium chloride from a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
- Explain the formation of (i) sodium ion, and (ii) chloride ion, from their respective atoms giving the number of protons and number of electrons in each one of them. What is the reason for positive charge on a sodium ion and a negative charge on a chloride ion ?
- What is meant by refining of a metal? Name the most widely used method for the refining of impure metals obtained by various reduction processes. Describe this method with the help of a labelled diagram by taking the example of any metal.
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