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(a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain why a tank full of water appears less deep than it actually is.(b) Name the phenomenon due to which a pencil partly immersed in water and held obliquely appears to be bent at the water surface.
(a) A tank full of water appears less deep than it actually is due to the refraction of light which takes place when light rays pass from the tank of water into air.
Suppose, we have a tank of water as shown in the figure given below. Here, let us take any point $O$ at the bottom of the tank which is under the surface of water. We can see this point because of the light rays coming from it. Now, a light ray $OA$ coming from the point $O$ passes through water and comes out into the air at point $A$. Here, it gets refracted away from the normal in the direction $AX$. Similarly, another ray of light $OB$ coming from the point $O$ gets refracted at point $B$ and bends away from the normal in the direction $BY$. These two refracted rays, i.e., $AX$ and $BY$, when produced backwards, appear to meet at a point $I$ under water. The point $I$ (nearer to the water surface than $O$) is the virtual image of point $O$ (which is at the bottom of the tank). Thus, the point $O$ at the bottom of the tank appears to be much nearer at the position $I$.
Also, this reasoning can be applied to all points on the bottom of the tank.
(b) Refraction of light is the phenomenon due to which a pencil partly immersed in water and held obliquely appears to be bent at the water surface.
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