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(a) What are homologous structures? Give an example.(b) “The sex of a newborn child is a matter of chance and none of the parents may be considered responsible for it.” justify this statement with the help of a flow chart showing sex determination in human beings.
(a) Homologous organs are the organs inherited from the common ancestors, having similar basic structures, but performing different functions.
For example, forelimbs of humans, lizards, frogs, birds, etc. have a similar basic design but perform different functions.
(b) In humans, the males have XY sex chromosomes that produce two types of gametes having X and Y Chromosomes, while the females have XX Sex chromosomes that produce only one type of gamete having X Chromosome.
The sex of a child is determined by the type of chromosome he or she receiving from the father. If the sperm containing X Chromosome fertilizes an egg, then the zygote develops into a female or girl. While, if the sperm containing a Y Chromosome fertilizes an egg, then the zygote develops into a male or boy.
The Y Chromosome carries factors that are responsible for triggering male development, while the X Chromosome carries factors that are responsible for triggering female development.
The type of chromosome a child received from parents is not in the control of or choice of parents and it is a matter of chance. Thus, none of the parents are responsible for it.
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