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What are Outliers? Outliers are the data points or observations which are far from the other points in a dataset. Outliers are caused due to measurement error, data entry error or experimental error etc. Outliers can skew the dataset which effects in statistical analysis and can increase the standard deviation of the dataset further effecting model prediction. An outlier may be a valid data point or can be noise. For a better understanding let us look at an example scenario. Imagine you are collecting data of student's height (age between 9 to 12 years). Most of the students are around ... Read More
What is a Higher Order Function in JavaScript? JavaScript being a multi paradigm language, it supports procedural programming, functional programming and object oriented programming. Since it is also a functional programming language javascript handles functions as a first class entities, where functions can be assigned to a variable, set it as an object's property, and can pass them as an argument to another function. This characteristic in javascript helps in implementing Higher Order Functions, which can operate on other functions either by taking them as an argument or by returning them. Let us take an example and implement it ... Read More
Introduction Data handling and data representation are the processes of collecting and presentation of data systematically. Data handling is the act of collecting a set of data and presenting it in various formats data handling. The act of collecting, maintaining, and presenting data in a way that facilitates analysis, forecasting, and decision-making is known as data handling. Here in this tutorial, we shall discuss in brief data handling, central tendencies, frequency tables, how to represent data in graphs, and examples related to data handling. What is Data Handling? The initial collection of observations is referred to as the raw data. ... Read More
Introduction Hess law was introduced by the Russian Chemist Doctor Germain Hess in the year 1840 where he formulated many principles of thermochemistry. Hess law is an effect of the first law of thermodynamics. But it exists as a single law because of its significance. The calculation of heat of reaction is involved in this law. The first law of thermodynamics states that the enthalpy difference in a particular reaction is equal to the quantity of energy absorbed or discharged during the reaction. Hess law also deals with the energy of a chemical reaction in which it does not depend ... Read More
Introduction Hexamine is an organic heterocyclic molecule. It has a crystalline as well as white aspect. The particle sizes vary between 80 and 800 mm. It is somewhat water-soluble and also soluble in the majority of polar solvents. It seems to have a cage-like geometry. This has 2 distinct applications: as an antibiotic (generally known as methenamine hippurate) as well as a solid fuel tablet being used for cooking during camping/trekking. It may be used to make various chemical products such as polymers, medicines, and rubber preservatives. What is Hexamine? Hexamine, often termed Methenamine, Hexamethylenetetramine, as well as Urotropin, has ... Read More
Introduction Chemical reactions are performed to get a particular product by some chemical process happening in the reactants. In some cases, the product formed is again converted back to the reactant. That is a reverse chemical reaction is taking place. But not all chemical reactions will not undergo such a reverse reaction. The state in which both forward and reverse reaction takes place simultaneously is called equilibrium. The term equilibrium was introduced in the year 1803 by the discovery of scientist Berthollet in which some reactions are moving in the reverse direction. The rates of such chemical reactions are also ... Read More
Introduction In a chemical reaction, the reagents break the bond and forms free radicals to form a new bond. The covalent bond is formed by sharing the electrons of two atoms to form a new molecule. In a chemical reaction, the old bonds are broken, and new ones are formed. Two different methods do this breaking of bonds. The first one is homolytic fission in which the covalent bond is broken, and the electron is taken by both the reagents. In heterolytic fission, the covalent bond is broken in such a way that both the electron of the covalent bond ... Read More
Introduction Atoms are the tiniest building pieces of elements or the simplest material that can be subsequently chemically degraded. The periodic table of elements is a depiction of atoms as well as elements in a certain order. Atoms are made up of protons (p), neutrons (n), and electrons (๐โ) . Atomic mass (A) is extremely important in establishing the element's composition as well as relevance. What is Atomic Mass? The mass of protons (p) plus neutrons (n) in an atom is defined as the atomic mass. The atomic mass (A) of an element is described as its entire mass. The ... Read More
Introduction The German chemist and physicist Erich Huckel determined the Huckel Rule in 1931. He proposed that the aromatic rings follow four norms to be an aromatic compound. The first is that it should be cyclic and the second thing it should be planer, the third thing it conjugates, and the fourth one it must follow the Huckel rule. An aromatic compound has $\mathrm{4n\:+\:2\:pi\:electrons}$. The n in the formula is a positive integer. Aromatic compounds have $\mathrm{sp^{2}\:hybrodization}$. What is the Huckel Rule? The huckelโs rule is an algorithm that combines the number of pi electrons in an aromatic ring and ... Read More
Introduction Hydroboration oxidation is the method by which there is an addition in ๐ช โ ๐ต, ๐ช โ ๐ช, and ๐ช โ ๐ถ double bonds with hydrogen-boron bonds. Hydration of alkynes is one of the simple procedures for producing ketones and aldehydes. One may think of the mechanism of the hydroboration oxidation process as that of an anti-Markovnikov response. By an American chemist named Herbert Charles Brown, who was born in England, the hydroboration- oxidation reaction was first documented in the second part of the 1950s. In this process, an alkyne is processed with borane before being oxidized with peroxide ... Read More