Cell Organelles

Introduction

Every organism whether single-celled or multicellular is made up of cells. They provide body shape and structure and perform a variety of tasks to keep it running. A cell is the fundamental unit of life.

According to Cell Theory Hypotheses, “Cell is the fundamental unit of life that gives everything and is self-sufficient in performing all of an organism's essential activities.”

What are Cell Organelles?

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They make up a cell and make it operate normally by coordinating and working effectively. Depending on the presence or absence of membrane organelles are of three types having unique structures and performance. Which are as follows:

• Organelles without membranes: Organelles such as cell wall, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton are organelles without a membrane. These organelles can be observed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

• Single membrane organelle: Vacuole, Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, and Endoplasmic Reticulum are the certain examples that come in this category and are only found in eukaryotic cells.

• Double membrane organelles: Organelles with two membranes linked to them include the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast, which are exclusively found in eukaryotic cells.

Types of Cell Organelles and their Functions

Plasma Membrane

• The membrane outside the cell is widely used to describe this organell. A lipid bilayer and proteins make up the cell membrane.

• According to the fluid mosaic theory, the protein molecules are buried within a lipid bilayer that forms the plasma membranes, which are subcellular structures.

• Animal and plant cells both include cytoplasm.

• Between the cell membrane and the nucleus, there exist these jelly-like components.

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Nucleus

• It's a double membrane organelle and can be seen in eukaryotic cells.

• It stores DNA and is the control central.

• A tiny spherical structure “Nucleolus'' is present in the nucleus.

• One of its important part is chromosome.

• The nucleus regulates the properties and operations of the body's cells.

• Its main function is to regulate all cellular processes, including growth metabolism and using the genetic data present in DNA.

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Chromosome

• Chromosomes are fragile, thread-like structures that carry genes, which are essential biological components.

• One form of genetic component that helps with the transmission of characteristics is the gene.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

This organelle seems like a membranous tube containing fluid. They serve as the transport system for the cell and are in charge of distributing resources.

There are two different types of endoplasmic reticulum:

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: They are important in the production of proteins and are made up of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles.

• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: It is a storage organelle known as the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and is in charge of cleansing the cell.

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Mitochondria

This organelle is known as powerhouses of the cell" because the product is energy molecules.

• Maternal inheritance is observed.

• In eukaryotic cells, it is a sausage-shaped organelle with two membranes.

• The cytoplasm and outer membrane form a continuous barrier, but the inside space, called the "matrix," is folded into cristae.

• Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of the cell, where it produces ATP, energy, and helps in chemical oxidation

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Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are significant cytoplasmic organelles that are not membrane-bound and are found near to the endoplasmic reticulum.

• In prokaryotes its 70S and in eukaryotic cell its 80s

• All living cells require protein synthesis as one of their essential processes in order to ensure the survival of the cell.

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Lysosomes

• They are known as suicide bags of the cell.

• They are known for their digestive enzymes and are responsible for removing waste.

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Golgi Apparatus

• Likewise called Golgi Complex.

• A collection of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae make up the majority of this membrane-bound organelle.

• This cellular organelle primarily transports, transforms, and packages proteins and lipids to reach particular sites.

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Vacuoles

• Vacuoles are typically described as irregularly shaped storage bubbles that are present in cells.

• They are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain fluid.

• The food or other resources that a cell might require to thrive are kept in the vacuole.

• The remainder of the compartment is shielded from taint.

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Cell Organelles, Structure, and Functions

Cell Organelles	Structure	Functions
Cell membrane	A double membrane made of proteins and lipids. Visualize in both plant and animal cells.	A selectively permeable membrane that gives shape and protects the cell's internal organelles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum	A network of membranous tubules found in a cell's cytoplasm.	Forms the cell's skeleton and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis as well as detoxification.
Golgi apparatus	Organelles that are membrane-bound and resemble sacs and are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.	It has a major role in intracellular transport and secretion.
Lysosomes	A small organelle with a single membrane and a circular shape that contains digestive enzymes.	Aids in digestion, gets rid of waste, and breaks down damaged and dead cells. Consequently, it is often referred to as "suicidal bags".
Mitochondria	A membrane-bound, oval-shaped organelle that is also known as the "Powerhouse of the Cell."	The primary site of cellular respiration, which is also where ATP molecules are used to store energy.
Nucleus	The biggest organelle with a double membrane and all of the genetic material for the cell.	Controls cellular activity, contributes to cell division, and regulates inherited traits.
Peroxisome	A cytoplasmic, membrane-bound cellular organelle that houses the reducing enzyme.	Involved in the degradation of long-chain fatty acids and lipid metabolism.
Ribosomes	These are non-membranous organelles that are found attached with endoplasmic reticulum and can be free floating in the cytoplasm	A step in the production of proteins.
Vacuoles	An organelle present in the cytoplasm that is membrane-bound and filled with fluid.	Gives the plant cell structure and rigidity, as well as aid in the digestion, excretion, and storage of chemicals.

FAQs

Q1. Which cell organelle is known to be the powerhouse of the cell and why?

Ans: Mitochondria is known as the powerhouse of the cell as it is the centre of cellular respiration and produces the energy molecules known as adenosine triphosphate.

Q2. Where are the pigments made of chloroplasts and chromoplasts in plants located?

Ans: The plastids, chloroplasts and chromoplasts are present in every plant cell. Chloroplasts contain the pigments that give leaves, stems, and other plant parts their distinctive green colour. The chromoplasts contain all of the pigments that give the plant's colourful parts, such as the flowers and fruits.

Q3. What is a Nucleoid?

Ans: A nucleoid, a non-membrane cell organelle with an irregular form, mostly observed in all prokaryotic cells. They serve as the transporters of the cell's genetic material.

Q4. State the largest membrane bound organelle of the cell.

Ans: The largest organelle in a cell is the nucleus.

Q5. State the largest membrane bound organelle of the cell

Ans: The largest organelle in a cell is the nucleus.